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Special Senses and Endocrine Glands: Eye, Ear, and Hormones

Learn about the structures of the eye and ear, perform tests for visual acuity and other visual functions, and identify endocrine glands and their hormones. Also, understand the functions of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, and testis.

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Special Senses and Endocrine Glands: Eye, Ear, and Hormones

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  1. Lab 11 THE SPECIAL SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS

  2. Lab 11 Activities Identify structures of the eye and ear on models and figures Identify gross structures of the sheep eye Identify histological structures of the eye Perform tests of visual acuity, near point accommodation, astigmatism, and blind spot Perform fundoscopic and otoscopic exams Identify endocrine glands on anatomical models and know the hormones each secretes and their effects Identify endocrine glands, their cells and other structures visible on microslides (pituitary, thyroid/parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, and testis and the hormones secreted by each)

  3. The Special Senses • Special Photoreception (sight) • Special Mechanoreception • Hearing • Static Equilibrium • Dynamic Equilibrium • Special Chemoreception • Smell (Olfaction) • Taste

  4. Surface Anatomy of the Eye • Eyebrows divert sweat from the eyes and contribute to facial expressions • Eyelids (palpebrae) blink to protect the eye from foreign objects and lubricate their surface • Eyelashes detect and deter foreign objects

  5. Extrinsic Eye Muscles superior oblique superior rectus lateral rectus medial rectus Optic nerve inferior rectus inferior oblique

  6. Internal Anatomy of the Eye Tunics

  7. Ophthalmoscope of Retina surface of retina Macula Optic disc Vasculature

  8. Organization in the Retina • Pigmented Layer: • shields retina from light scattering • Neural Layer: • photoreceptors and several types of interneurons

  9. Micrograph of the Retina Path of Light

  10. Neurons of the Neural Layer • Photoreceptors: • rods (for dim light) • cones (3 colors [“blue,” “green” and “red”] for bright light) • Bipolar cells connect interneurons

  11. Neurons of the Neural Layer • Horizontal Cells enhance contrast (light versus dark boundaries) and help differentiate colors • Amacrine cells detect changes in the level of illumination • Ganglion cells’ axons become the Optic Nerve

  12. Retina 40x

  13. Retina, 100x

  14. Retina, 400x

  15. Fundoscopic Exam WARNING: Do not examine the macula for more than 1 second at a time! • Carefully follow the instructions provided in the lab manual supplement. • There are excellent demonstrations of this exam • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lhvhKvK_iM • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221/ You are not required to perform this portion of the lab if you are uncomfortable about it. However, you will still be responsible for knowing the material!

  16. External Ear • Pinna (Auricle): focuses sound waves • External auditory canal transmits sound waves • Ceruminous Glands secrete cerumin (ear wax) to protect external auditory canal • Tympanic membrane registers sound waves

  17. Middle Ear & Auditory Tube • Three auditory ossicles (bones) conduct vibrations of tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear • Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube or eustachian tube) connects to pharynx, equalizes air pressure on both side of the tympanic membrane

  18. Middle Ear Ossicles • Malleus (hammer) • Incus (anvil) • Stapes (stirrup)

  19. The Membranous Labyrinth

  20. Otoscopic Exam WARNING: Be careful not to damage the tympanic membrane by inserting the otoscope too far into the ear or by jerking the otoscope! • Carefully follow the instructions provided in the lab manual supplement. • There are excellent demonstrations of this exam • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE0sot4OoAE • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BJ2EP3TacU You are not required to perform this portion of the lab if you are uncomfortable about it. However, you will still be responsible for knowing the material!

  21. The Endocrine System

  22. ENDOCRINE GLANDS The Endocrine Glands Produce Hormones Which Are Secreted Into the Blood Stream In Order To Locate Specific Target Tissues. Target Tissues Have Specific Hormone Receptors. Target Tissues Respond To Hormonal Commands In Specific Ways.

  23. Posterior Lobe = Neurohypophysis Anterior Lobe = Adenohypophysis

  24. Pituitary Gland, 40x

  25. each cell type secretes a different hormone

  26. Hormones of the Pituitary Gland • Anterior Lobe – Adenohypophysis • growth hormone (hGH) • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • prolactin • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • luteinizing hormone (LH) / interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) • Posterior Lobe – Neurohypophysis • oxytocin • vasopressin = antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  27. Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands

  28. Thyroid Gland Trachea Thyroid Thyroid Esophagus

  29. Thyroid, 40x Follicles containing colloid (thyroxins)

  30. Thyroid, 100x

  31. Thyroid, 400x thyroglobulin T3 = triiodothyronine T4 = tetraiodothyronine = thyroxine

  32. Secretes calcitonin = thyrocalcitonin

  33. Thyroid & Parathyroid, 40x

  34. Thyroid & Parathyroid, 100x

  35. Thyroid & Parathyroid, 400x Parathyroid Hormone = Parathormone

  36. Adrenal Gland, 40x Cortex Medulla Cortex Cortex Cortex

  37. Adrenal Gland, 40x cortex Medulla: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (= Adrenalin) cortex

  38. (mineralocorticoids) (glucocorticoids) (gonadocorticoids)

  39. Pancreas

  40. Pancreatic tissue, 40x(note Pacinian corpuscle)

  41. Pancreatic Islets, 100x Acinar Cells exocrine endocrine

  42. Pancreatic Islets, 100x(note Pacinian corpuscle)

  43. Pancreatic Islet, 400x

  44. Alpha cells - glucagon Beta cells - insulin

  45. Ovary

  46. Ovary, 40x Developing follicles secrete mostly estrogens and some progesterone

  47. Ovary, 40x corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogen

  48. Testis

  49. Testis epididymis Seminiferous Tubules

  50. Testis

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