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LAB EXERCISE 11

LAB EXERCISE 11. CRANIAL NERVES. Cranial Nerves. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves That arise from the brain Each nerve is identified by a Roman number I through XII and a name. Cranial Nerves. Four Classifications of Cranial Nerves Sensory nerves

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LAB EXERCISE 11

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  1. LAB EXERCISE11 CRANIAL NERVES

  2. Cranial Nerves • Twelve pairs of cranial nerves • That arise from the brain • Each nerve is identified by a Roman number • I through XII • and a name

  3. Cranial Nerves • Four Classifications of Cranial Nerves • Sensory nerves **Carry somatic sensory information, including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain • Special sensory nerves **Carry sensations such as smell, sight, hearing, balance • Motor nerves: **Axons of somatic motor neurons • Mixed nerves: **Mixture of motor and sensory fibers

  4. Summary of Function of Cranial Nerves Figure 13.5b

  5. Cranial Nerves • Four cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers that serve muscles and glands • Occulomotor (III) • Facial (VII) • Glossopharyngeal (IX) • Vagus (X)

  6. Cranial Nerves • Cranial Nerves • The 12 cranial nerve groups are identified by: • Primary function • Origin • Pathway • Destination

  7. Cranial Nerves • Olfactory Nerves (I) • Primary function: • Special sensory (smell) • Origin: • Receptors of olfactory epithelium

  8. Cranial Nerves • Olfactory Nerves (I) • Pathway: • Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone • Destination: • Olfactory bulbs • To the olfactory tract

  9. Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory Nerve • Assesment • Have patient smell different items • Damage to the ethmoid bone • Can cause anosmia • Loss of smell

  10. Cranial Nerves • Optic Nerves (II) • Primary function: • Special sensory (vision) • Origin: • Retina of eyes

  11. Cranial Nerves • Optic Nerves (II) • Pathway: • Optic Canal of sphenoid bone

  12. Cranial Nerves • Optic Nerves (II) • Destination: • Diencephalon via optic chiasm • Optic tracts • Leading to lateral geniculate nuclei • Olfactory Lobe

  13. Cranial Nerve II - Optic Nerve • Assessment • Test visual Acuity one eye at a time • Snellen eye chart • Test peripheral vision one eye at a time • Cover one eye and have the patient look at your nose. • Move your finger to check superior and inferior fields • Damage to the orbits or diseases in the nervous system can cause a loss of vision. • Anopia • Ipsilateral blindness due to sensory loss in the nerve

  14. Cranial Nerves • Oculomotor Nerves (III) • Primary function: • Motor (eye movements) • Controls four of six eye-movement muscles • Origin: • Midbrain • Pathway: • Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid

  15. Cranial Nerves • Oculomotor Nerves (III) • Destination: • Somatic motor • Superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles • Inferior oblique muscle • Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

  16. Cranial Nerves • Oculomotor Nerves (III) • Visceral motor • Parasympathetic Function • Ciliary ganglion

  17. Cranial Nerves • Oculomotor Nerves (III) • Destination: • Visceral motor (Parasympathetic) • Intrinsic eye muscles • Cilliary Muscle **Accommodation of the lens • Circular Muscles **Constriction of iris • Radial Muscles **Dilation of iris

  18. Cranial Nerve III - Oculomotor Assessment - To test the patients pupils *Use a penlight and mm ruler - Check to see where eyelid falls on the pupil Damages *Causes Ptosis – Drooping of eyelid *Causes diplopia – Double vision *Trouble with eye movements

  19. Cranial Nerves • The Trochlear Nerves (IV) • Primary function: • Motor (eye movements) • Origin: • Midbrain

  20. Cranial Nerves • The Trochlear Nerves (IV) • Pathway: • Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid • Destination: • Superior oblique muscle

  21. Cranial Nerve IV - Trochlear Nerve Assessment -Have patient follow your finger while moving it to the nose Damages *Causes  Diplopia  Paralysis  Strabismus *Lazy Eye

  22. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Primary function: • Mixed Nerve • Sensory • Functions in touch, pain, & temperature receptors of the face • Motor • Innervates the muscles of mastication

  23. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Largest cranial nerves • With three major branches • Ophthalmic • Maxillary • Mandibular

  24. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Sensory Innervation • Semilunar ganglion • Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

  25. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Ophthalmic Branch (V1) • Sensory innervation to: • Orbital structures • Nasal cavity • Skin of forehead • Upper eyelid • Eyebrow • Part of nose

  26. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Pathway: • Ophthalmic Branch (V1) • Superior Orbital Fissure

  27. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Origin: • Maxillary Branch (V2) • Sensory innervation to • Lower eyelid • Upper • Lip • Gums • Teeth • Cheek and nose • Palate and part of pharynx

  28. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Pathway: • Maxillary branch (V2) • Foramen Rotundum

  29. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Mandibular Branch (V3) • Sensory innervation to: • Lower Gums Teeth Lips • Palate • Part of tongue Lingual Nerve

  30. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Origin: • Mandibular branch (V3) • Motor innervation From • Motor nuclei of pons

  31. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Destination: • Motor nerves of Mandibular Branch • Muscles of mastication • Chewing

  32. Cranial Nerves • The Trigeminal Nerves (V) • Pathway: • Mandibular branch • Foramen Ovale

  33. Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal Assessment *To test for pain, touch & tempersture -Safety pin & hot and cold objects *Corneal reflex - Cotton wisk *To test motor function -Clench teeth and move jaw side to side

  34. Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal Damages *Cause problems in chewing *Loss of sensations of pain and temperature *Tic Douloureux  Trigeminal Neuralgia *Severe pain from damage of maxillary and mandibular nerves

  35. Cranial Nerves • The Abducens Nerves (VI) • Primary function: • Motor (eye movements) • Origin: • Pons

  36. Cranial Nerves • The Abducens Nerves (VI) • Pathway: • Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid • Destination: • Lateral rectus muscle • Moves eye laterally

  37. Cranial Nerve VI - Abducens Assessment Make a big x in the air and draw a line through it. **Observe for twitching or nystagmus Damages *Cannot move eyeball laterally *Nystagmus – “Dancing Eyes”

  38. Cranial Nerves • The Facial Nerves (VII) • Mixed • Sensory • Motor • Origin: • Sensory • Taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue • Destination: • Sensory • Sensory nuclei of pons

  39. Cranial Nerves • The Facial Nerves (VII) • Sensory Innervation • Geniculate Ganglion • Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

  40. Cranial Nerves • The Facial Nerves (VII) • Origin: • Motor • Motor nuclei of pons • Destination • Somatic Motor • Muscles of facial expression

  41. Cranial Nerves • Somatic Motor • Facial nerve branches • Temporal • Zygomatic • Buccal • Mandibular • Cervical branches

  42. Cranial Nerves • The Facial Nerves (VII) • Destination • Visceral motor • Parasympathetic Function • Pterygopalatine Ganglion  Lacrimal gland  Mucous Glands • Submandibular Ganglion Submandibular Glands Sublingual Glands

  43. SUBLINGUAL SUBMANDIBULAR

  44. Cranial Nerves • The Facial Nerves (VII) • Pathway: • Internal acoustic meatus to facial canals • Then through the stylomastoid foramina

  45. Cranial Nerve VII - Facial Nerve Assessment -- To test for taste **Place sugar(sweet) salt, vinegar(sour) & quinine(bitter) on anterior 2/3 of tounge -- To test for tearing **Place ammonia near the eyes -- To test for facial symmetry **Have patient close eyes, smile, whistle and blow

  46. Cranial Nerve VII - Facial Nerve Damages *Shingles * Lyme disease * Loss of taste * Decreased saliva * Bell’s Palsy.

  47. Cranial Nerves • The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII) • Primary function: • Special sensory • Vestibular branch • Balance and equilibrium • Originates at receptors of vestibule (balance) • Connects to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

  48. Cranial Nerves • The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII) • Primary function: • Special sensory • Cochlear branch • Hearing • Originates at sensors of cochlea (hearing) • Connects with cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

  49. Cranial Nerves • The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII) • Origin: • Receptors of inner ear • Pathway: • Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bones

  50. Cranial Nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear Assessment **Tuning Fork Damages Vertigo  Rotating Ataxia  Lack of coordination Tinnitus  Ringing of ears

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