Southern Colonies Take Root

1. Southern Colonies Take Root Topic 2.1 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

2. Key Terms • Charter- A legal document giving certain rights to a person or company • House of Burgesses- colonial Virginia’s representative assembly formed in 1619 • Proprietary Colonies-English colonies granted to an individual or group by the Crown • Royal Colonies-English colonies that were under direct control of the Crown

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4. Wealthy English Lords Promote Colonies American Colonies would solve England’s problems: • Relieve growing population • Increased Poverty present in England • Shipping poor people across the Atlantic to mine gold and farm would bring wealth to England This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

5. Roanoke – First British Colony- 1580’s • Raleigh receives a charter from Crown • First Colony finds the soil too sandy and has difficulty growing crops. They give up and head back to England in despair. • Second Colony mysteriously vanishes between 1587 and 1589

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8. Jamestown - 1607

9. Jamestown • Founded in 1607 by The Virginia Company and chartered by King James • Surrounded by swamp and marshland • Mosquitos spread malaria and other diseases that consistently wiped out colonists • Between 1607 and 1622 The Virginia Company had sent around 10,000 colonists and by 1622 only 20% remained alive.

11. Jamestown • The Virginia Company allows colonists to own and work land as their private property rather than being company employees • Cultivation of Tobacco saves Jamestown by becoming a cash crop and creating revenue by taxing its import into Europe • Chesapeake region becomes the principal supplier of tobacco in Europe • The Virginia Company • As a result, immigration to the colony increases.

12. Bacon’s Rebellion • Virginia’s population increases and settlers begin to move further into the mainland encroaching on Indian lands • Governor of Virginia William Berkeley begins to levy taxes on planters and reward members of the wealthy class and House of Burgesses with proceeds • In 1675, a war erupts between Indians and settlers in the Potomac Valley. • The colonists want to exterminate all Indians in the areas but Berkeley admonishes them. • The settlers led by Nathanial Bacon rebel and burn the town and drive out Gov. Berkeley • Taxes are lowered and access to frontier land is granted to settlers • Bacon’s Rebellion showed that poor farmers would not tolerate a government that catered only too the wealthy

13. New Lives in New England Topic 2.2 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

14. Key Terms • Puritans- English Protestants who believed in strict religious discipline and the simplification of worship • Pequot War- short outbreak of violence between English colonists and the Pequot Indians in 1636 during which a village was set afire killing 600-700 inhabitants • King Phillip’s War- a conflict between English colonists and American Indians in new England

15. Puritans • Wanted to purify the Church of England • Claimed the Anglican Church (CoE) retained too many ceremonies from the Catholic Church • Wanted congregations to have more control over their own affairs • Mostly wanted to reform the Anglican church but some known as Separatists wanted to leave the CoE completely and start their own churches This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

16. Puritan Values • Followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin • Believed they could prepare for God’s saving grace by leading moral lives, praying devoutly, reading the Bible, and heeding their minister’s sermons • Reinforced the values of thrift, diligence, and morality • “Men honored God by working hard in their occupations This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

17. Puritans Economic Place in English Society • Came from all ranks of society including aristocrats • Most belonged to the “middling sort,” small property holders, farmers, shopkeepers, and skilled artisans • Their modest properties put them economically ahead of most of the English population

18. Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony • Puritan Separatists established Plymouth Colony in 1620 • Agreed to form a government and obey its laws before they disembarked, Mayflower Compact • This idea of self government would later become a founding principle of the United States This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

19. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Led by John Winthrop and founded by a larger group of Puritans • Dubbed their colony a “City upon a Hill” that would be an inspirational example to the people of England • Colony began with the founding of the city of Boston in 1630 • First colony to elect its governor, a radical departure from other colonies at the time This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

20. Pequot War • Puritans viewed American Indians as lazy savages who accepted life in the wild rather than laboring to conquer nature • Despite this, the Puritans of New England were engaged in a fur trade with Pequots and several other native tribes • Rivalries over trade and Indian opposition to English expansion made the relationship uneasy

21. Pequot War • In 1636, the Puritans accuse the Pequots of murdering an English trader, which the Pequots deny • The Puritans then ally with the Pequot enemy tribes; Mohegan and Narragansett, and attack several Pequot villages • The Pequots retaliate and attack a Puritan Village • Puritans respond by burning a Pequot Village filled with mostly women and children and killed 600-700 inhabitants • Even the Pequot enemy tribes are shocked and surprised by the brutality and carnage inflicted upon the Pequot

22. The Middle Colonies Thrive Topic 2.3 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

23. Key terms • Push Factor- A factor that motivates people to leave their country • Pull Factor- A factor that attracts people to a new location • Quakers- Christian movement devoted to peaceful principles who were typically pacifists and refused to bear arms. Also known as the Religious Society of Friends.

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25. Dutch Exploration • Henry Hudson will explore this area in This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

26. New Netherland • Dutch begin exploring the Hudson River and trading with Indians for furs in 1609. • Their first settlement is Fort Nassau (Albany) in 1614. • They build New Amsterdam at the mouth of the Hudson River on the island of Manhattan in 1625 to protect settlements up the river. • New Amsterdam becomes a major seaport and the capital of the Dutch colony This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

27. Diversity in New Netherlands • Many religions accepted in Dutch colonies including Protestants, Catholics, and Jews • Toleration of different religions led to an increase in migration from not only the Netherlands but also France, Germany, and Norway • Many colonists were middle class and poor • Like New England yet unlike the Chesapeake region, families made up the majority of colonists

28. Push and Pull Factors • Despite religious diversity, the Dutch colonies did not have the same number of immigrants as the southern and New England colonies • England had many Push Factors; religious intolerance, stagnant economy, and overpopulation • Some Pull Factors were fertile soil and promise of a new life • The Netherlands in the 1600’s had a high standard of living and booming economy so many of the Dutch did not have reason to leave • The English were more successful at colonization because their troubled society failed to satisfy people at home

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30. Tensions Between Netherlands and England • Dutch and English become violent rivals in global commerce during the 1650’s and 1660’s – mostly due to the Dutch being more efficient • In 1664, the English fleet forces the Dutch from New Amsterdam and they rename the city New York • The English are able to easily take the city because of its small population

31. Scandinavians Establish New Sweden • New Sweden founded on the lower Delaware River in 1638 (Delaware) • Economy based on agriculture and trade for furs with Native Americans • Comprised of Swedes and Finns • They were able to adapt quickly because of their experience in pioneer farming, introduced Log Cabins • Forcibly taken over by the Dutch in 1655

32. New Jersey • In 1664 The Duke of York established the area between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers as a colony • Puritans and Scots make up the North eastern half and Quakers make up the southwestern half • Religious freedom helps attract an ethnically diverse population and fosters tolerance This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

33. Religious Tolerance in Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania begins as debt paid to William Penn by King Charles II in 1680 • Penn is the son of an admiral and a wealthy gentleman who embraces the Quaker faith • He is unusual as a Quaker because most Quakers are middle class and distrust the rich and powerful

34. Quaker Beliefs and Values • In contrast to the Puritans emphasis on sacred scripture and sermons, Quakers sought an “Inner Light” to understand the Bible • Did not have clergy and considered women spiritually equal to men • Accepted the opinions of both men and women at their meetings • Tolerant of other faiths

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36. Pennsylvania Prospers and Grows • Penn arrives at the colony in 1682 with 2,000 colonists and establishes the city of Philadelphia, “The City of Brotherly Love” • Due to temperate climate, fertile soil, and easy to navigate waterways, the colony thrives reaching 18,000 inhabitants by 1700 • Early Pennsylvanians were middle class families • Made up of Quakers, Anglicans, and German Baptists and Lutherans • Penn treated American Indians with respect and paid them fair prices for their land, thereby avoiding conflict

37. The Middle Colonies Prove Welcoming for Many • Ethnic and religious diversity greater than other colonies • Include Dutch, Swedes, Finns, French Protestants, Germans, Norwegians, and Scots • Faiths included Quakers, Baptists, Anglicans, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Catholics, and Jews • Colonists had to learn how to tolerate their differences and engage in ethnic and religious pluralism • In many ways the Middle Colonies anticipated the American future

38. Big Ideas • How were the Middle Colonies so successful at becoming g diverse and tolerant? • Did the fact that the Middle Colonies were more tolerant than other colonies allow them to have more successes? • How are the Middle Colonies representative of the America that is to come?

39. Immigration and Slavery in the Colonies Topic 2.4 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

40. Key Terms • Indentured Servant- an individual who agrees to work without wages for a period of time in exchange for transportation to the colonies • Triangular Trade- the three-way pattern of trade that involved England, English colonies in the Americas, and West Africa • Middle Passage- the forced transport of enslaved Africans from West Africa to the Americas

41. Immigrants from England • By 1700, approximately 250,000 people of European background lived in the colonies • 90% of colonists were from England and half of these were indentured servants • Indentured servants exchanged 4-7 years of work for basic food, clothing, and shelter to keep them alive and were supposed to receive clothes, tools, food, and sometimes land when their servitude was up. • After 1660, the English economy improved, religious turmoil diminished, and more people chose to stay in England (Fewer Push Factors)

42. The Scots and Scots-Irish • Scots had more economic push factors that led to increased immigration • In 1707, Great Britain was formed by the union of England, Wales, Scotland, and unofficially Northern Ireland and immigration became easier legaly • 250,000 Scots-Irish people came to the colonies in the 1700’s in search of land • The majority of those who emigrated settled frontier land along the Appalachians

43. Migration from Germany • 100,000 Germans immigrated to the colonies in the 1700’s • Push factors for the Germans included war, high taxes, and religious persecution • Many Germans came to Pennsylvania where they reported to family back home that land and food were cheap and there were next to no taxes

44. Immigration Drives Change and Diversity • In Pennsylvania, Scottish and German immigrants quickly made Quakers a minority • Different groups often distrusted each other initially but no group was large enough to impose its beliefs or to drive others from a colony • All groups gradually accepted that a diverse society was an economic boon and guaranteed their own faiths

45. Slavery Emerges in the Colonies • As English immigration declined in the late 1600’s, the demand for labor grew in the colonies and they turned to an increased dependence on slave labor • Initially, African workers were often treated like indentured servants, where their freedom was granted after a number of years. Freed Africans could vote, own land, and even purchase slaves. • In the mid 1600’s many colonies began to pass laws that supported permanent enslavement and made slavery hereditary to children • These laws “racialized” slavery and promoted the belief that people of African origin were inferior to whites

46. The Transatlantic Slave Trade • During the 1700’s, British colonies imported 1,500,000 enslaved Africans. The majority went to the West Indies but 250,000 came to the 13 colonies • Enslaved Africans came to the Americas as part of the Triangular Trade • The Middle Passage was the leg of the Triangle Trade where enslaved people were shipped from Africa to the Americas and the passage was brutal and extreme • The voyage lasted two months and enslaved people suffered physical and psychological trauma • People were shackled, packed into dark cargo holds, and disease and hunger were normal • 10% of those making the passage in the 1700’s did not survive the voyage

47. Africans in the American Colonies • Many Africans faced a bleak future in the Americas • Families were often broken up at auctions • New languages and the loss of cultural identities made transitions extremely difficult

48. Slavery Varies • Slavery did exist In New England and Middle Colonies but at much lower levels, where most enslaved people were farmhands, dockworkers, sailors, and domestic workers • More common in the South under the plantation system where labor focused on farming tobacco, rice, indigo, and sugar • In the Chesapeake region enslaved people made up 40% of the population. In South Carolina, enslaved people outnumbered whites • White masters maximized profits by demanding long hours: 12 hour days, 6 days a week and minimizing costs of food and shelter

49. A New Culture Emerges • African Americans developed a rich culture based on their traditions and circumstances in the Americas • Most adapted Christianity as their religion • A melding of culture, African traditions, the brutality of enslavement, and Christianity led to a new culture with its own food, music, and beliefs

50. Enslaved Africans Resist • Slave rebellions did occur in the South and West Indies • Largest uprising in the South was in 1739 at Stono in South Carolina where 60 slaves killed 20 whites before being defeated and executed • Running away was much more common. Maroon was a name for runaway slaves that hid in forests and swamps • Many runaway slaves would join Native American tribes or defect to Spanish Colonies where the Spanish would supply them with , freedom, land, food, and use them to weaken the British Colonies and strengthen their own frontier militias