Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems: Functions and Disorders

1. McFatter Technical Center Emergency Medical Technician - Basic Health Science CoreChapter 14Support, Movement, and Protection: The Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary System Revised: March 2008

2. Skeletal System There are 206 bones that perform 5 vital functions: • Provide support for the muscles, fat, and soft tissue • Protect the internal organs • Provide leverage for lifting and movement through the attachment of muscle • Produces blood cells • Stores the majority of the body’s calcium supply Revised: March 2008

3. Skeletal System Four groups of bone: • Long bones – length is greater than width • Short bones – closely joined • Flat bones – composed of two relatively parallel plates of compact bone • Irregular bones – complex shape and structures Revised: March 2008

4. Long Bone Four basic parts: • Diaphysis - shaft • Epiphysis - ends • Medullary canal – filled with yellow marrow • Endosteum – lining of the medullary canal Revised: March 2008

5. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Fracture – break in the continuity of a bone • Osteomyelitis – severe inflammation of bone and bone marrow from a bacterial infection • Osteoporosis – deficiencies of calcium and phosphorous which allow the bone to fracture easily Revised: March 2008

6. Major Bones Revised: March 2008

7. Joints: Articulation and Movement Joint – a place where two or more bones meet. Three types: • Fibrous – immovable, Ex. Cranium or skull • Cartilaginous – slightly moveable, Ex. vertebrae • Synovial – freely moveable, Ex. Elbow, knee, and fingers Revised: March 2008

8. Motion Groups for Joints Ligaments hold the two bones forming a joint • Hinge – allow for flexion and extension, ex. Elbow • Ball and socket – one bone fits in a cup like socket, ex. Shoulder • Pivot Joint – projection fits through a ring made of bone, example 1st and 2nd vertebrae Revised: March 2008

9. Motion Groups for Joints • Saddle – one surface is convex and the other surface is concave that fit together, Ex. Thumb • Gliding – two facing bones meet and allow gliding movement, Ex. Ankle bone • Elliosoid – rounded or oval end of a bone fits into an oval cavity, Ex. wrist Revised: March 2008

10. Disease and Injuries of Joints • Arthritis – inflammation of the joint • Dislocation – separation of a joint and malposition of an extremity • Gout – uric acid crystals in a joint • Sprain – injury to the soft tissue of a joint Revised: March 2008

11. Muscular System • The body is composed of over 600 muscles • Muscle provides shape and support for the integumentary system • Adduction – movement of the body toward the middle of the body • Abduction – movement of the body away from the middle of the body. Revised: March 2008

12. Muscular System • Flexion – bend a joint or reduce an angle • Extension – straightening a joint or extend an angle • Medial rotation – turn inward • Lateral rotation – turn outward Revised: March 2008

13. Muscular System • Rotation – turning or circular motion • Supination – rotating the palm to face forward • Pronation – rotating the palm to face backward • Supine – lying face down • Prone – lying on back Revised: March 2008

14. Muscular System • Right lateral recumbent – patient lying on right side • Left lateral recumbent – patient lying on left side • Fowler’s – sitting up slightly • Trendelenberg - elevated legs Revised: March 2008

15. Muscle System • Cardiac muscle – involuntary muscle that the brain automatically controls • Smooth or visceral muscle – involuntary muscle • Striated or skeletal muscle – controllable muscle that is attached to a point of origin and point of insertion. Muscle is partially contracted, even at rest. Revised: March 2008

16. Muscular Diseases • Muscular dystrophy – wasting and atrophy of muscle • Myositis – inflammation of muscle that may be caused by irritation or a pathogen • Myalgia – muscle pain that may be caused by any number of reasons Revised: March 2008

17. Major Muscles Revised: March 2008

18. Integumentary System • Largest system of the human body • Consist of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and receptors • Three Layers of skin: • Epidermis • Dermis • Subcutaneous tissue Revised: March 2008

19. Skin Functions • Protection • Temperature Regulation • Sensory Perception • Absorption and excretion Revised: March 2008

20. Integumentary System • Glands – a structure within the body that secretes a substance used elsewhere in the body • Nails – dead epithelial cells • Hair – main purpose is to protect the skin • Receptors – pain, heat, cold, and different levels of pressure Revised: March 2008

21. Skin Disease and Disorders • Malignant melanoma – skin cancer • Acne – inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands • Decubitus ulcers – tissue damage resulting from reduced circulation of blood to a given area (bed sores) • Erythema – skin redness or rash Revised: March 2008

22. References • Pollak, Andrew N. Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured. 9th ed. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett, 2005. • Stevens, Kay, and Garber, Debra. Introduction to Clinical Allied Healthcare. 2nd ed. Clifton Park, New York: Thomson Delmar Learning, 1996. Revised: March 2008