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Ecology

Ecology. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?. Ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments , focusing on energy transfer Ecology is a science of relationships. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ENVIRONMENT?. The environment is made up of two factors:

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology

  2. WHAT IS ECOLOGY? Ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer Ecology is a science of relationships

  3. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ENVIRONMENT? The environment is made up of two factors: • Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth • Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)

  4. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism

  5. Organism - any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual. • The lowest level of organization

  6. POPULATION • a group of organisms ofone speciesliving in the same place at the same time that interbreed & compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.)

  7. What is a species?

  8. Community -several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.

  9. Ecosystem – all thepopulations in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact (ex. marine, terrestrial)

  10. Biomes Large geographical areas of distinctive plant and animal groups, which are adapted to that particular environment. Determined by climate and geography.

  11. Biosphere - life supporting portions of Earth, water, and atmosphere. • The highest level of organization

  12. Ecosystem? Community? Population? Organism?Ecosystem? Community? Population? Organism?

  13. Habitat vs. Niche Niche -the role a species plays in a community (job); its total way of life Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life (address)

  14. Habitat vs. Niche A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor. Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts theexistence of organisms in a specific environment.

  15. Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors - • Amount of water • Amount of food • Temperature • Amount of space • Availability of mates

  16. STOP Turn & Talk Pair up with one person at your table. Each person will have 30 seconds to discuss something new they just learned or something they find interesting.

  17. Population Ecology Population – All the individuals of a species that live in an area Demography – The statistical study of populations; allows predictions to be made. • Population Ecology- branch of ecology that studies the structure and dynamics of populations includingmeasuringpopulation size, density, and distribution in space.

  18. Population Dynamics Key Features of Populations: • Size • Density • Dispersion

  19. Size: Number of individuals in an area

  20. Growth Rate • Growth Rate= Birth Rate – Death Rate

  21. Population Density Density = the number of individuals in a given area # of organisms/ unit of space

  22. How is Density Affected? • Immigration: movement of individuals into a population 2. Emigration: movement of individuals out of a population 3. Density-dependent factors: Biotic factors in the environment that have an increasing effect as population size increases (disease, competition, parasites) 4. Density-independent factors: Abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations the same regardless of their density (temperature, weather)tors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density (temperature, weather)

  23. Population Dispersion • Clumped • Uniform • Random

  24. Population Dispersion

  25. How are populations measured? • Population Density • Counting all the individuals in a population • Estimate by sampling • Mark-recapture method

  26. How do populations grow? • Exponential Growth = No limitsto increase in members • Logistic Growth – Takeslimiting factorsintoconsideration

  27. Exponential Growth Curve

  28. Factors Limiting Growth Rate Declining birth rate or increasing death rate can be caused by: • Limited food supply • Buildup of toxic wastes • Increased disease • Predation • Limits to space and nesting sites

  29. Logistic Growth Curve

  30. Carrying Capacity (K) The maximum number of individuals a population can support over an indefinite amount of time.

  31. Typical Predator-Prey Cycle Prey populations rapidly increase. This is followed by an increase in the predator population: As predators eat the prey, their population goes down because there is less to eat and the predator population also goes down.

  32. Human Population Growth • Over 7 Billion and growing • Doubled three times in last 3 centuries • Technological advances: • Agricultural revolution • Industrial revolution • Advances in medicine

  33. Age Distribution

  34. Human Population

  35. Population Ecology: The Texas Mosquito Mystery - Crash Course Ecology #2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBOsqmBQBQk

  36. Stop Practice: Practice population ecology by working in your packet on pages 7-10 Stop on page 10 when you to get to graph 5 If you do not finish this it is homework.

  37. Community Ecology

  38. Feeding Relationships • There are 3 main types of feeding relationships 1. Producer - Consumer 2. Predator - Prey 3. Parasite - Host

  39. Feeding Relationships Producer- all autotrophs (plants),they trap energy from the sun -Bottom of the food chain

  40. Feeding Relationships Consumer- all heterotrophs: they ingest food containing the sun’s energy • Herbivores • Carnivores • Omnivores • Decomposers

  41. Feeding Relationships • Primary consumers -Herbivores 2. Secondary, tertiary consumers -Carnivores -Omnivores -Decomposers

  42. Feeding Relationships Carnivores -eat meat • Predators • Hunt prey animals for food.

  43. Feeding Relationships • Scavengers • Feed on carrion (dead animals)

  44. Feeding Relationships Omnivores -eat both plants and animals

  45. Feeding Relationships Decomposers • Breakdown the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be absorbed

  46. Community Interactions Types of community interactions: • Predation • Competition 3. Symbiosis (two species living closely together) -Parasitism -Mutualism

  47. Community Interaction Predation- occurs when one living organism, called the predator, feeds on another, called the prey. Ex. Fox (predator) and Rabbit (prey)

  48. Community Interactions Competition- occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. neither species benefits, because species compete for the same environmental resources (light, space, nutrients) that are in limited supply. Ex. Competition between two species Of barnacles

  49. Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)

  50. Symbiotic Relationships Parasites Ex. lampreys, leeches, fleas, ticks, tapeworm

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