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Situational and Psychological Factors Predicting Deception and its Detection: Implications for Non-Cognitive Assessment. Jeff Hancock. Some questions about faking. Can people fake when instructed? What is prevalence of faking? What is the nature of faking?
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Situational and Psychological Factors Predicting Deception and its Detection: Implications for Non-Cognitive Assessment Jeff Hancock
Some questions about faking • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection?
Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production
Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations
Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations detection
1. Deception production Deception Defined any intentional control of information in a message to create a false belief in the receiver of the message --Burgoon a successful or unsuccessful deliberate attempt, without forewarning, to create in another a belief which the communicator considers to be untrue --Vrij
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur?
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based 1.75 lies identified in a 10 minute exchange Range from 0 lies to 14 lies Self-presentation goal (‘likeable’) increases deception
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based
Lie-M • type message • rate deceptiveness • of message • message and rating • is sent to our corpus
Lie-M • type message • rate deceptiveness • of message • message and rating • is sent to our corpus 6% of all messages were deceptive
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based
1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty?
1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era
1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era
1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal
1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal
1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era DePaulo et al (2003) meta-analysis Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal • more tense • higher vocal pitch • fidgeting
1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era DePaulo et al (2003) meta-analysis Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal • more tense • higher vocal pitch • fidgeting eye gaze: unreliable
How do different media affect lying and honesty? HIGH Frequency of Lies per Interaction LOW Instant Message FtF Phone Email
Nonverbal prediction HIGH Frequency of Lies per Interaction LOW Instant Message FtF Phone Email
Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory (DePaulo et al, 1996) Frequency of Lies per Interaction LOW Instant Message < < < Social Distance FtF Phone Email
Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory (DePaulo et al, 1996) Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory (Daft & Lengel, 1984; 1986) LOW Instant Message FtF Phone Email
Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory (Daft & Lengel, 1984; 1986) LOW Instant Message > > > FtF Phone Email Richness
Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory (Daft & Lengel, 1984; 1986) LOW Instant Message > > > FtF Phone Email Richness
HIGH Social Distance Theory Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory LOW Instant Message Richness FtF Phone Email Social Distance
%of Lies per Interaction Nonverbal prediction Social Distance Theory Media Richness Theory
%of Lies per Interaction Nonverbal prediction Social Distance Theory Media Richness Theory 37% 27% 21% Data 14% Instant Message FtF Phone Email
* * n * * n * * * %of Lies per Interaction 37% 27% 21% 14% Instant Message FtF Phone Email Features Model Distributed Simultaneity Recordless
* * n * * n * * * %of Lies per Interaction 37% 27% 21% 14% Instant Message FtF Phone Email Features Model Distributed Simultaneity Recordless
1. Deception production High levels of self-disclosure and honesty in text-based contexts when interviewed by computer compared to face-to-face: • more symptoms & undesirable behaviors reported (Griest, Klein & VanCura, 1973) • more sexual partners and symptoms reported (Robinson & West, 1992) • more honest, candid answers in pre-clinical psychiatric interviews (Ferriter, 1993) • 20% of telephone callers vs. 50% of email contacts report suicidal feelings (The Scotsman, 1999)
1. Deception production self-disclosure and honesty in mediated contexts Joinson (2001) Private Self-Awareness Self-Disclosure Visual Anonymity Public Self-Awareness
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based Why do people lie? • Situational factors • Self-presentation goals
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based Why do people lie? • Situational factors • Self-presentation goals NOT MONOTLITHIC
1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based Why do people lie? • Situational factors • Self-presentation goals NOT MONOTLITHIC GOAL TENSIONS
Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations • self-presentation goals fundamental • self-presentation goals are tension-based • self-presentation goals can be primed
Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations detection
2. Detecting deception New, computer-assisted methods • acoustic profiles • Judee Burgoon’s group • pitch profile changes • large effects for energy and f0 features
2. Detecting deception New, computer-assisted methods • acoustic profiles • Judee Burgoon’s group • pitch profile changes • large effects for energy and f0 features • facial features • micro-facial expressions (FACS), Mark Frank
2. Detecting deception New, computer-assisted methods • acoustic profiles • Judee Burgoon’s group • pitch profile changes • large effects for energy and f0 features • facial features • micro-facial expressions (FACS), Mark Frank • linguistic footprints – text-based • fewer 1st person, more 3rd person references • fewer exclusive words • more negative emotion terms • changes in detail level
“to not tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth” on two topics. “Maintain the conversation” Sender Receiver Discuss 4 topics
“to not tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth” on two topics. “Maintain the conversation” Sender Receiver Discuss 4 topics • transcripts were analyzed with Pennebaker’s • Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program • LIWC analyzes transcripts on a word-by-word basis • and compares words against a dictionary of words • divided into 74 psychologically relevant linguistic • dimensions