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Physical Change : appearance changes slightly; still recognizable

pH Scale : a standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H + ) in a solution (0-14) Neutral solutions: pH of 7 (H 2 O) Acidic solutions: pH less than 7 Basic solutions: pH more than 7 Difference of 10X between each pH number Acid: Sour; High #of H + ;Low # of OH -

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Physical Change : appearance changes slightly; still recognizable

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  1. pH Scale: a standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution (0-14) • Neutral solutions: pH of 7 (H2O) • Acidic solutions: pH less than 7 • Basic solutions: pH more than 7 • Difference of 10X between each pH number • Acid: • Sour; High #of H+ ;Low # of OH- • Base: • Bitter; slippery; High # of OH-; Low # of H+ • Litmus Paper : an indicator for the determination of an acid or base • Qualitative test Red: acidBlue: base • Acid + Base ----- Salt + H2O (neutralization)

  2. Physical Change: appearance changes slightly; still recognizable • Chemical Change: rearrangement of atoms; appearance totally changed • Chemical Equation: describes a chemical reaction • A + B ------ C + D Reactants ------ Products • Law of the Conservation: During a chemical reaction, mass (energy) is neither created nor destroyed. • Inorganic Compound: No carbon is present • Example: H2O

  3. Organic Compound:Carbon is present; found in living things; shown by structural formula • Isomers: compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas; with different physical and chemical properties • Carbohydrates: (end in OSE) • Give quick energy; contain C,H,O (2H:O); sugars, starches • Monosaccharides: C6H12O6 (simple sugars) • Examples: glucose (commercial name of dextrose), galactose, fructose (in fruit) • Isomers: glucose, fructose, galactose

  4. Disaccharides: C12H22O11 (double sugars) • Examples: maltose, sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar) • Isomers: maltose, sucrose, lactose • Dehydration Synthesis Reactions: A + B ----- C + H2O (H2O out) • Hydrolysis Reaction: C + H2O ------ A + B (H2O in) • Glucose + Glucose ------ Maltose + H2O • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------- C12H22O11 + H2O • Glucose + Fructose ----- Sucrose + H2O • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------- C12H22O11 + H2O

  5. Glucose + Galactose ------ Lactose + H2O • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------ C12H22O11 + H2O --------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Maltose + H2O -------- Glucose + Glucose • C12H22O11 + H2O ------- C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 • Sucrose + H2O ------- Glucose + Fructose • C12H22O11 + H2O ------- C6H12O6 + C6H12O • Lactose + H2O ------ Glucose + Galactose • C12H22O11 + H2O ------ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 • Polysaccharides: starch (complex sugars) • Cellulose (plant starch) • Glycogen (animal starch); stored in the liver

  6. Test for Monosaccharides: • Benedict’s Solution (blue solution) is added to an unknown substance + heat • Results: green, orange, brown (+) for monosaccharides; blue (-) for disaccharides, polysaccharides • A qualitative test • Test for Polysaccharides: • Iodine (brown solution) is added to an unknown substance • Results: black, blue (+) for polysaccharides; brown (-) for monosaccharides and disaccharides • A qualitative test

  7. Lipids: • Gives stored energy ; contains C,H,O (H:O greater than 2:1); never dissolve in H2O • Examples: oils (liquid), waxes (solid) • Body: padding around organs, insulation under skin • Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids -------- Lipid + 3 H2O • Lipid + 3 H2O ------- Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids • Types of Fats: • Saturated Fat (bad) -C-C- • Unsaturated Fat C=C • Polyunsaturated Fat (good)C=C=C

  8. Cholesterol: clogs arteries • Steroids: important for growth, hormones • Proteins: • For maintenance and repair ; contain C,H,O,N • Another name for a protein: polypeptide chain • Bonds in a protein: peptide bonds • Examples: antibodies, hormones, enzymes • Enzyme: speeds up chemical reactions; also called catalyst, end in ASE • Amino Acids = “the building blocks of proteins”

  9. Amino Acid + Amino Acid ----- Protein + H2O • Protein + H2O ------- Amino Acid + Amino Acid • Parts of a Protein: • COOH (carboxyl group) NH2 amino group) • Lipoproteins (lipids and proteins in blood) • HDL (high density lipoproteins): Remove cholesterol (+) • LDL (low density lipoproteins): Produce cholesterol (-)

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