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Jupiter and Europa

Professor Geoff Marcy Department of Astronomy. Saturn Enceladus. Jupiter and Europa. Astronomy C12, Earth & Planetary Science C12, Letters & Science C70 The Planets. Prof. Geoff Marcy. Office Hours: Hearst Field Annex room B26 Wed @ 1pm, Fri @ 11am. Saturn’s Moon, Dione

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Jupiter and Europa

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  1. Professor Geoff Marcy Department of Astronomy Saturn Enceladus Jupiter and Europa

  2. Astronomy C12, Earth & Planetary Science C12, Letters & Science C70 The Planets Prof. Geoff Marcy Office Hours: Hearst Field Annex room B26 Wed @ 1pm, Fri @ 11am Saturn’s Moon, Dione Saturn & Ring

  3. Textbook and Homework: The Cosmic Perspective Special Issue Bennett et al. (2014) All Homework is online in MasteringAstronomy Buy book at bookstore with its attached “MasteringAstronomy kit” 2. Homework is online: MasteringAstronomy: www.pearsonmastering.com Register: Course ID: marcy67636 (for Fall 2014)

  4. marcy67636 (for Fall 2014) marcy67636

  5. Homework • HW in MasteringAstronomy due every Friday at 6pm • Due Next Week, Friday Sept 5: • Read Chapters 1 and 2 • “Our place in the Universe “ & “Discovering the Sky” • Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Assignments • in MasteringAstronomy • -5% for each wrong try (but you can try again). • -1/N for each wrong try in Multiple Choice (N Questions) • -3% for using a hint.

  6. Description of Course • Our Home: The Solar System.Sun, planets, comets & asteroids • The physics, chemistry, geology, and experiments and reasoning that allowed humanity to understand our Solar System. • ObservationsandSpace missions. • Learn physical and chemical processes that formed and continue • to shape the Solar System: Past, Present and Future. • Intended for Non-Science Majors (light on math) • Objectives of Course • Learn the process of careful thinking and reasoning • Work with others: group reasoning • Learn to estimate answers with a factor of 2 • Basic Science Components: • Atoms, Molecules, Energy, Forces, Light • How to calculate quantities: very large numbers and small numbers

  7. Astronomy C12 Earth and Planetary Science C12 Letters & Science C70T Same Course Sign up for any of these... What if you are on the waitlist??? Everyone will get in.

  8. Instructor:Professor Geoff Marcy Office Hours: Wed 1pm & Fri 11am Hearst Field Annex: Bldg B, Room 103 gmarcy@berkeley.edu GSIs: Beth McBride – bethmcbride@berkeley.edu Kyle Fricke – kwf@berkeley.edu KaylanBurleigh -- kaylanb@berkeley.edu Chris Gebhart – contactcgebhart@gmail.com 12 Discussion Sections 1 hr each (All start next week.) Review, Clarification, Homework Help. Observing Projects

  9. 12 Discussion Sections • 1 hour: All startnext week (Sept. 2-4). • Lecture Review & Clarification; Homework Help. • Go to any one of these (optional): • 101 Wed 9-10A, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart • 102 Wed 1-2P, 264 Evans Hall: KaylanBurleigh • 103 Wed 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: BethMcBride • 104 Wed 3-4P, 106 Wheeler: KaylanBurleigh • 105 Th 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: KaylanBurleigh • 106 Tu 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart • 107 Th 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: BethMcBride • 108 Tu 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart • 109 Tu 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: KyleFricke • 110 Th 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: KyleFircke • 111 W 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart • 112 Wed 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: KaylanBurleigh

  10. The Astronomy Learning Center: TALC For Fall 2014 - Every Thursday Evening 7:30 – 9:30pm - Hearst Field Annex, Room B1 - Work on homework with others in the class. - Collaborate on homework!

  11. Grading Homework: 20%of grade –Due every Friday 6pm – 20% reduction for every day late! Starts next week (due Friday, Sept. 5 at 6pm) It is OK (and great) to work with others. It is *not* OK to copy. Homework is graded automatically, online. Observing Projects:5% of grade Two Projects to be announced. Exams: Midterm125% Sept. 30 (Tue) Midterm225% Nov 4 (Tue) Final25% Dec 18 (Thu) 11:30am-2:30pm - Emphasis on conceptual understanding (no calculators needed) - Covers: Lectures, Reading, Homework,Observation projects Final Grade: Absolute Scale. A = 90-100, B=80-90, C=70-80, D=60-70, F = 0-59.

  12. UC Berkeley Honor Code

  13. Course syllabus

  14. Course syllabus (cont.)

  15. Lectures: WARNING: Research shows that students with laptops out during lecture get one full letter grade LOWER than students without laptops or cell phones. • Lectures Captured: • Audio will be recorded, along with the projection (slides, movies) on the screen. • https://calcentral.berkeley.edu • http://www.youtube.com/ucberkeley • http://itunes.berkeley.edu/ • http://webcast.berkeley.edu)  • The PDF files of all slides lecture will be available on MasteringAstronomy • www.pearsonmastering.com

  16. Observing Projects Observing Projects: To be described later in course… Mark your calendars for these observing times: October 8 at 3:27 – 4:22 am: Lunar Eclipse October 23 at 1:53 – 4:29 pm: Partial Solar Eclipse A) Chart the position and shape of the moon. Sketch where the moon is located relative to nearby buildings. Also sketch the shape of the moon. Mark which direction is south. Note the time and day on the sketch. Wait 2-5 days, and do it again. (Hint: the moon is up now from 3pm-10pm.) Turn in both sketches, with time and date of observation. Write three to four sentences about any change you saw in the position or shape. B) Sketch where the Sun sets, relative to buildings, this thu, fri, or sat. Wait 4-10 days. Sketch where the Sun sets again. Turn in both sketches, with time and date of observation. Write three sentences about any change in the position of sunset. Did it change? What direction? By how many degrees (approx.)? (The sun has an angular size of 0.5 degrees in diameter.) Due in class, Thursday Sept. 6 1 page maximum; Handwritten is fine.

  17. Our Solar System Inner Solar System • The Sun • Planets orbiting: - Gravity attracts them to Sun • Moons orbit planets • Asteroids • Comets • Dust Mercury Mars Earth Venus Jupiter Neptune Saturn Uranus Orbits are to scale. Planets are too big.

  18. The Atom Microscopic “building block” of all normal material Hydrogen: 1 proton 1 electron Oxygen: 8 protons + 8 neutrons in nucleus 8 electrons Atoms consist of a cloud of electrons and a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Electric forces between electrons (-) and protons (+) hold atoms together. Protons and neutrons are held to each other by the strong force.

  19. What are protons and neutrons made of? Hydrogen: 1 proton 1 electron A protons consist of three quarks. Quarks’ properties were important when matter forms after the Big Bang.

  20. Your Home: The Milky Way Galaxy 200 Billion Stars You Are Here 100,000 Light Years Laws of Science: Universal

  21. Galaxy: • Billions of stars in space • Held together by gravity • Orbiting a common center A Spiral Galaxy 200 Billions Stars Why is it spiral? What are the red blobs? Messier 33

  22. The Universe: All matter and energy: Everything 100’s of Billions of Galaxies

  23. Star: A large, hot ball of gas that generates heat and light through nuclearreactions Our Sun: An Average Star A Cluster of Stars Why are stars different colors ?

  24. Planet: A spherical object that orbits a star. • Too small to ignite nuclear reactions. • Shine mostly by reflected light. Planets may be rocky, icy, or gaseous in composition. Rocky Planet  Terrestrial planets H & He Gas and Water Giant planets

  25. Moon: An object that orbits a planet Tethys: Moon of Saturn Callisto: Moon of Jupiter

  26. Asteroid A small (kilometer), rocky object that orbits a star Eros Gaspra Why are their shapes so irregular ?

  27. Comet: A Dirty Snowball orbiting a star Nucleus How do we know comets are ice? What are comets made of? What is the tail doing?

  28. Meteorites Stony From Planet Mantles Iron From Planet Cores

  29. Interactive Quiz Which of the following contains the largest number of carbon atoms ? >>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<< Our Milky Way Galaxy Our Solar System The Sun All the diamonds on Earth

  30. Interactive Quiz Which of the following contains the largest number of carbon atoms ? >>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<< Our Milky Way Galaxy Our Solar System The Sun All the diamonds on Earth

  31. The Solar System

  32. Mercury • Similar to Earth’s moon: geologically dead, record of large impacts • Why huge faults? • MESSENGER spacecraft • Huge iron core: liquid or solid? Lots of craters, surface must be old. Surface fault line

  33. Interactive Quiz Is it hotter or colder on Mercury than it is on Earth? >>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<< Hotter Colder Same as on Earth

  34. Interactive Quiz Is it hotter or colder on Mercury than it is on Earth? Hotter on day side Colder on night side (no atmosphere)

  35. Messenger Mission to Mercury • 08.02.04 Launch • 07.29.05 Earth Flyby • 10.23.06 Venus Flyby 1 • 06.04.07 Venus Flyby 2 • 01.14.08 Mercury Flyby 1 • 10.06.08 Mercury Flyby 2 • 09.29.09 Mercury Flyby 3 • 03.18.11: Enter Mercury Orbit Messenger launch in 2004 Measure magnetic field, study how the liquid iron freezes. Messenger assembly

  36. Venus • Sulfuric acid clouds H2SO4 • Surface temperature 470 C (lead melts!) • Volcanoes • Faults • Mountains • Why so hot?

  37. Earth has many unique features Why is there life on Earth? Are there other Hospitable Planets in the Solar System? Why is there a thin layer of water? Why Plate tectonics?

  38. Volcanism Enceladus Earth Io

  39. CO2 [CO2 + Ca CaCO3] subduction CO2 HEAT The Carbon Cycle

  40. Mars • Huge valleys (VallesMarineris) • Huge volcanoes (Olympus Mons) • Most geological activity in the Why? Olympus Mons (tallest volcano in solar system)

  41. Water on Mars: Sufficient to sustain life? Liquid water cannot exist now: only ice and vapor Seasonal polar ice caps: winter summer

  42. Water on Mars: There once was liquid water.For how long? River system formed by running water Craters shows signs of erosion Sedimentary rock

  43. Jupiter and Two Moons Io Europa

  44. Jupiter’s Moon: Europa Sub-Crust Ocean .

  45. Europa Surface covered with ice Lots of geological surface features but no impact craters!

  46. Cassini spacecraft arrived at Saturn on July 1, 2004

  47. TitanSaturn’s Largest Moon Hazy atmosphere made of N2, CH4, C2H6. Very cold – only 93K.

  48. View from probe descending through Titan’s atmosphere

  49. “Rocks” made of ice on the surface of Titan photographed by Huygens lander

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