2008 Study Guide for Chapter 19, Protists

1. General Characteristics of protists Animal-like protists: heterotrophs Protozoa 4 phyla Characteristics Movement, contractile vacuole Any light sensory adaptations Body plan characteristics Any with shells—what shell is made of General life cycle of plasmodium\relate to malaria Fungus-like protists Spores Some aboeboid-like movement heterotrophs Plant-Like protists Unicellular Phytoplankton plankton base of food chain, oxygen dinoflagellates Red tides/neurotoxins/algae bloom Euglena—mixotroph Oxygen and food importance (base of aquatic food chain) Multicellular algae--seawead Names of 3 phylum Main pigments in each Which is most like land plants and why Cold\warm water; deep water?; any used commercially MISC. TERMINOLOGY: Heterotroph Autotroph mixotroph Contractile vacuole Eyespot Spore Malaria plasmodium Female Anopholes mosquito Red tides. Dinoflagellates, algae bloom Symbiont—termite & symbiont protist 2008 Study Guide for Chapter 19, Protists

2. HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS

3. CHAPTER 19 PROTISTS • Major groups • Characteristics • Ecological Niches • Human Diseases Major source of oxygen!!!

4. What is a protist? • Eukaryotes • Unicellular and multicellular • **The only kingdom of eukaryotes with both autotrophs and heterotrophs • Most diverse of all kingdoms • Mostly aquatic

5. Protist Variety • Animal-like—Protozoa • Plant-like—Algae • Fungus like-Water molds and Slime Molds

6. Evolutionary Relationships • Ancestors of • Fungi • Animalia • And • Plant • Kingdoms

7. Animal-likProtozoa HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS

8. The Plant-like are Autotrophic Protists

9. Homework-due Wednesday • 19.1: #2,4,5 • 19.3: #1 • 19.2: #1

10. Protozoa animal-like protists-“FIRST ANIMALS” • 65, 000 KINDS • Predators or Parasites • A few cause disease in humans • Categorized Based On Type of Locomotion • 4 main groups

11. 4 Protozoa Groups (Phyla): 1. Rhizopoda (sarcodina) (pseudopods) 2. Zoomastigina (flagellated) 3. Ciliophora (cilliates) 4. Sporozoa (Complex life cycle)

12. Phylum Rhizopoda (sarcodina) • Amoebas • Mostly marine • Asexual reproduction • Heterotrophs • pseudopods

13. Amoeba

14. 2 groups of amoebas have shells • Marine • Extend pseudopods through shells 1. Foraminiferans • Calcium carbonate shells • Foraminiferan tests build up and • form limestone or chalk • (e.g. White Cliffs of Dover)

16. :White Cliffs of Dover

17. 2. Phylum Zoomastigina • Movement • flagella • Whip from side to side • Some parasites, some helpful

18. Trichonympha : symbiont in termite gut, digests cellulose • Covered with flagella.

20. 3. Phylum Ciliophora • Cilia: • Short, hair-like structures • movement, feeding • Cilia-beat in synchronized fashion

21. Example: Paramecium • Multinucleated Oral Groove Gullet Anal Pore -Contractile vacuole

22. Paramecium • Reproduction • Usually asexually-divide crosswise • Also sexual via Conjugation; exchange genetic material., separate, then each divides in two • Low food supply or poor environmental conditions

23. 4. Phylum Sporozoa • Produce spores • Parasites • Complex life cycle • Adults have no form of movement

24. Diseases Caused by Sporozoans • Malaria--Plasmodium • Toxoplasmosis

25. Malarial organism: Plasmodium • Transmitted by FEMALE Anopheles mosquito. • Complex life cycle: 2 hosts • Sexual reproduction in mosquito • Lives part in humans (mammals) • Asexual reproduction-in mammals-spores

26. Transmission of Plasmodium & life cycle

27. 19.2 Algae: Plant-like ProtistsSingle-celled and Multi-celled • All are Photosynthetic • Some Unicellular- planktonic • Some Multicellular- 3 phyla –The Seaweeds • All Contain chlorophyll—as well as other photosynthetic pigments used to classify Multicellular

28. Phylum Euglenophyta • UNIQUE--Both plant and animal-like characteristics--may be heterotrophic – • Photosynthesis • chloroplasts • Photosensitive Eyespot • Contractile vacuole • Flagella • freshwater

29. Single-celled algae : The phytoplankton • Drift on/in waters • Shelled: • The Diatoms and Dinoflagellates • No shells—single-celled Chlorophyta

30. Dinoflagellates • Cell walls – thick cellulose plates • 2 flagella • Most marine • Some produce toxins-neurotoxin • Red tides

31. Phylum Chlorophyta • Single-celled green algae • Ancestors of all land plants • Freshwater and marine • Fur of slow moving animals– tree sloths • Chlorophyll A & B; cellulose, starch

32. Multicellular algae--Seaweed • Accessory pigments distinguish them • Structure • Thallus—the body • Holdfast( anchor)

33. Multicellular green algae- 1. Phylum Chlorophyta Most like true plants: Like land plants- they have: cellulose, starch, chlorophyll A & B

34. 2. Phylum Rhodophyta Phychobilin pigment deep water • Uses: • 1.Carageenan from cell wall • Used as Food thickener and stabilizer 2.sushi wrapper (Nori) • 3.Agar-Micro labs

35. 3.Phylum Phaeophyta • Brown algae • Marine; cold water like Pacific Ocean • Fucoxanthin-brown pigment • Kelp-largest (Pacific) • Sargasum ( common in Atlantic)

38. Fungus-Like Protists • Reproduce by spores • heterotrophic

39. Water Molds • Also cause disease in fish

40. B. Downy Mildew • Many plant diseases • Irish potato famine • Blight 0f 1840’s