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BALI URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

BALI URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT. “Umbrella” Environmental Impact Assessment. INDONESIA. Fourth most populous country: 200 plus million Over 10,000 islands, many uninhabited President Suharto in office from mid 60s to late 90s Economic growth averaged about 7% for three decades

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BALI URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

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  1. BALI URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT “Umbrella” Environmental Impact Assessment

  2. INDONESIA • Fourth most populous country: 200 plus million • Over 10,000 islands, many uninhabited • President Suharto in office from mid 60s to late 90s • Economic growth averaged about 7% for three decades • Poverty largely alleviated, but many near poor • Highly centralized till the late 90s • -Political, administrative, fiscal • Large Bank borrower: $1.2 to 1.5 bn a year

  3. THE URBAN SECTOR • Leader in decentralization efforts • IUIDP model developed in late 80s •        - Bank association through Urban Sector Loan • IUIDP rapidly mainstreamed with donor support • 5 Bank projects ($100 million plus each) approved 1991-95 • East Java Bali • Sulawesi Irian Jaya • Surabaya • Semarang Surakarta • Kalimantan

  4. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN THE MID 90s • EA in its infancy • National EPB (Bapedal) only recently established • Very few regional/provincial EPBs (Bapedalda) • EA regulations barely developed • Limited awareness at provincial/local levels •  EA Reports prepared for Bank project • Prepared by consultant • Sub-project specific • Very limited ownership •  EA Implementation • Only in select cases, e.g., some landfills • EA training mostly too little, too late

  5. CONCEPTUALIZING BUIP • Second generation IUIDP •  Cookie cutter to meeting specific needs •  Economic overview of Bali highlighted importance of agriculture and tourism •  Both came down to unique features of Bali • - Small, fragile island • - Natural beauty: beaches, terraced paddy fields, mountains, lakes, volcanoes • -Rich cultural heritage, both built and living •  Overarching project objective: Sustainable development of Bali, in the context of its fragile environment and unique cultural features •  Specific project objective: Improve urban infrastructure services in a sustainable manner

  6. Approach to EA • Combination of regional and sectoral EA called for. • GOI regulations well-developed for EA but did not provide for sectoral EA. • Regional EA not politically acceptable in this case. • Adopted the term “umbrella” EA

  7. BUIP Umbrella EA -- Dec. 1996Contents • Policies and regulations • Description of BUIP • Natural and cultural environment of Bali, including opportunities and constraints • Typical impacts of BUIP subprojects • Generic mitigation measures

  8. Screening procedure for subprojects • Sample TORs for EA and EMP • Guidelines for public participation • Institutional capacity assessment • Recommendations to minimize cumulative impacts and strengthen institutional capacity

  9. Successes • Provided screening procedures for overall EMP • Provided basis for design of environmental management training • First instance of public consultation on a project EA in Indonesia • Engaged variety of stakeholders

  10. Failures • Did not really analyze cumulative impacts, especially in the context of other development plans and programs on Bali. • Only partially identified and presented development opportunities and constraints.

  11. What happened next? • Prepared free-standing EMP including institutional arrangements (EOC) • EMP has been actively implemented, with screening of subprojects, review of environmental documents and supervision by BAPEDALDA and EOC, inclusion of SOP in contracts. • EMP used as model by Government for subsequent infrastructure projects

  12. Carried out highly successful environmental management training through training of trainers, with sustained results. • Implemented SOCEI -- Study of Cumulative Environmental Impacts • Essentially built the environmental planning function into the project

  13. SOCEI Outputs & Outcomes • Active participation of stakeholder working groups on four self-selected priorities: tourism, small business, agriculture, water • Considered alternative futures for Bali as scenarios • Raised public and media awareness on env’t. • Agreed on “Green Bali Action Plan” and • formulated its financing mechanism…

  14. …the environmental mgt. tax • $2/day collected at tourist hotels • Revenue shared so that non-tourism districts would also benefit • Reinforced main conclusion of Action Plan to concentrate tourism in SE. • All 9 districts agreed on mechanism • Ultimately politically unpalatable for Governor

  15. Another Phase: BSEP • Bali Strategic Environmental Plan • Used Green Bali Action Plan as starting point • Financed input-output model for Bali • Assessed land use planning and development processes and regulations • Reviewed Bali development plans • Seems to have a life of its own….?

  16. SOCEI • Carried out as a BUIP component • Originally designed as panel of experts with facilitator and support staff • Could only be implemented as conventional consultancy. • Filled the gaps in the Umbrella EA

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