What is a crusade and do you think fighting one would ever be justified?

1. What is a crusade and do you think fighting one would ever be justified?

2. Reflection • Why was there a call for the 1st crusade and who called for it?

3. General Information • Crusades - were a series of several military campaigns usually sanctioned by the papacy that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. • Originally, they were Roman Catholic Holy Wars to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy land from the Muslims • Some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars of southern France and the Northern Crusades.

4. Time Period • 1st Crusade - 1096 • 2nd Crusade – 1146 to 1149 • 3rd Crusade – 1189 to 1192 • 4th Crusade - 1202 • Albigensian Crusade - 1209 • Childrens Crusade - 1212 • 5th Crusade - 1215 • 6th Crusade - 1228 • 7th Crusade - 1243 • 8th Crusade - 1270 • 9th Crusade - 1271

5. Background • Pope Gregory VII propagated these ideas • Restoration of the Eastern Church to Roman obedience • Acknowledgement of the kings of Christendom as liege servants to the church • Crusade against Islam • Supply by sea, defense by castles • Two religions stood face to face

6. Background • Rise of Christianity • Church becomes most powerful • Feudalism - refers to a general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the Middle Ages, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. - Brought a semblance of stability and avoided anarchy - 1st time since the decay of Rome that Europe is powerful enough to take the offensive against the Muslim east • Fall of Byzantine Empire - Battle of Manzikert, 1071

7. Background • Rise of Christianity • Church becomes most powerful • Feudalism - refers to a general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the Middle Ages, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. - Brought a semblance of stability and avoided anarchy - knights • Fall of Byzantine Empire - Battle of Manzikert, 1071

8. Background • The Reconquista in Spain, which occupied Spanish knights and some mercenaries from elsewhere in Europe in the fight against the Islamic Moors. • The Normans were fighting for control of Sicily. • Pisa, Genoa and Aragon fighting Islamic strongholds in Mallorca and Sardinia • Muslims regain holy land of Palestine in the 7th century • Fatimid caliph of Cairo, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, had the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem destroyed in 1009. - many stories began circulating in the West about the cruelty of Muslims toward Christian pilgrims, which helped rally the crusaders later in the century

9. The 1st Crusade • Byzantine emperor Alexius I called for help with defending his empire against the Seljuk Turks, in 1095 • Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to join a war against the Turks - a war which would count as full penance. • Crusader armies marched to Jerusalem, sacking several cities on their way. • Nicaea in May 1097 • In 1099, they took Jerusalem and massacred the population. • As a result of the First Crusade, several small Crusader states were created, notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

10. The 1st Crusade

11. The Crusades • 1100’s great infighting in the Moslem world • Saladin wanted to reunited Islam • First step 1171 he abolished the Fatimid caliphate and brought Egypt under the caliph of Baghdad • Franks were concerned that they would lose everything and rightfully so • Sept 17 1176 beginning of the end to the Franks in Islam. Byzantines were defeated by the Syrians near Myriocephalum • 1183 Saladin was at the height of his power

12. The Crusades • Reynald of Chatillon raided Mecca and Medina • Muslem world was consolidated against the Franks • 1186 Saladin proclaimed a Fihad • Culiminated in the Battle of Hattin in 1187 • “ON the Horn of Hattin the greatest army that the kingdom had ever assembled was annihilated. The Holy Cross was lost. And the victor was the lord of the whole Moslem world” • Crusades never recovered

13. The 2nd Crusade • Second Crusade – St Bernard of Clairvaux preached it and Conrad III of Germany and Louis VII of France executed it. - fall of the County of Edessa - first of the crusades to be led by European kings • United with Baldwin III and lay siege to Damascus (failed in 1148) – leads to third crusade • Second Crusade was a failure • Ignorance of strategy and siegecraft • Jealousies and quarellings • Four topographic regions in Syria and Palestine • Three lines of communications • Franks failed to control the most important

14. The 3rd Crusade • Jerusalem recaptured by Saladin (Sultan of Egypt) in 1187. • Third Crusade - was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. • Called by Pope Gregory VIII and led by Europe's most important leaders: - Philip II of France (left after capturing Acre) - Richard I of England - Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (Drowned,creating instability between English and French) • Inability of the Crusaders to thrive in the locale due to inadequate food and water resulted in an empty victory • Richard left the following year after establishing a truce with Saladin (captured and held for kings ransom by Austrians

15. The 3rd Crusade • Crusaders never conquered the land • Only occupied parts of it • Crusaders armor was superior • The rise of Saladin • Great Character of the middle ages • Fanatically anti-Christian • Cautious Strategest rather than a tactician • Careful of his men, generous and kindly • Incredible administrator • Possessed great chivalry

17. The Crusades • The third Crusade was a disaster 1189-1192 • Richard the Lionhearted • 4th Crusade turned on itself and conquered Constantinople • Crusaders for the next century united Europe • France and England became powers • Spain and Portugal rose • 7 Crusades in all

20. Military Advantages • IN EUROPE THE ARMORED RIDER WAS SUPREME • THE BAPTISM OF THE SLAVS AND MAGYARS HAD OPENED UP A LAND ROUTE TO JERUSALEM • SEA POWER FAVORED THE CRUSADERS • A POTENTIAL ALLY IN EAST ROMAN EMPIRE • CONSTANTINOPLE PROVIDED A BASE BOTH FOR LAND AND WATER OPS

21. Historical Costs • By the 14th century the old concept of Christendom was fragmented • Development of centralized bureaucracies (the foundation of the modern nation-state) -Decline of Feudalism • European castles became massive stone structures, as they were in the east, rather than smaller wooden buildings as they had typically been in the past.

22. Lessons Learned • Chief lesson was the advantage of a combined arms • Realized need for infantry support - Bowmen used to counter Saracen missiles - Offer shelter for cavalry to after a charge • Building of new castles similar to ones built in the east

23. Battle of Crecy, 26 August 1346 • French forces numbered approximately 36,000. • English forces numbered approximately 12,000 of which 7,000 were archers. • The battle line was approximately 2,000 yards wide • The English army, occupying the top of a gentle ridge near the town, consisted of three groups of men-at-arms and spearmen, with archers placed on their sides. The archers formed ranks resembling an outward V.

28. Charles VIII and the end feudal war • King of France (1483–98 ) • Decided to conquer Naples (1495) • More of parade • Cautious tactics commical • Italian states and HRE leagued against him • Battle of Fornovo • After the battle Italian Marquis came to ransom friends and relatives shocked they were all dead • Modern artillery vs. Infantry • Nation state vs. limited interest city states

29. SWISS INFANTRY • THE PHALANX • THEY USED LONG PIKES (18-21 FT) • USED THE HALBERD • HIGHLY TRAINED AND DISCIPLINED • SOUGHT AFTER AS MERCENARIES

30. 16th Century Weapons • Naval Weapons • Ship of the line under Henry VIII • Increased length to beam to improve maneuverability and handling • Portholes allowed heavy guns to be maintained below the center of gravity of the ship • Ships built for combat • Harness gun recoil to permit quick reloading • Broadside technique • Permanent Fighting Instructions • Formalized tactics

31. 16th Century Weapons • Naval Weapons • Ship smashing Guns • Breach loaded • Muzzle loaded • Cannon – heavy iron (50 lbs) at medium range • Culverin – light iron (17 lbs) at long range • Demi-cannon –32 lb shot • Demi-culverin 9lb shot • Saker – 5 lb shot • Minion – 4 lb shot

32. The impact of Gunpowder and Firearms • THE DISCOVERER OF GUNPOWDER IS UNKNOWN • 14TH CENTURY • THE EARLIEST FIREARMS WERE INNACURATE, SHORT OF RANGE, SLOW TO FIRE, HEAVY, AWKWARD, AND DANGEROUS • THE COST

33. Gun Powder and Firearms • Gunpowder first appeared written about before 1249 • First written documentation was in 1304 • “pot-de-fer” dart-throwing vase • Siege of Metz in 1324 • Edward III in Scotland in 1327 • 1339 firearm called the “ribauldequin”: • Primitive iron tubes fired simultaneously (12) • Edward III against France • Firearms developed rapidly in the 14th century • Cannons were used at Calais by Edward III

34. Gun Powder and Firearms • 1391 iron shot introduced • 25 inch bombards were used • Hand-guns in 1364 • Small cannon on small stock fired by a single man • 10 lbs and was fired by applying a match to a touch-hole • Lead bullets

35. Gun Powder and Firearms • Match-lock • Cock that held the match and a trigger that would bring it down to a pan with a primer • German invention – hakenbusche • Spanish – arquebus • England – cavilar • First infantry firearm

36. Gun Powder and Firearms • Valor gave way to mechanical art • Social class did not matter if you had the superior weapon • All men are now alike on the battle field • Gave life to the Renaissance • Shattered medieval order physically and morally • War was a means to a political end • Power was the deciding factor • Foot soldier was the strong arm of the military again • War can be won by industry than actual clash of arms

37. 16th Century Weapons • Spanish introduced the musket with a range of 300 yards • Heavier • Complex operation • 2-3 shots per minute • Accepted because it was • More accurate • Great range • Knock down power • Arquebus was still used by skirmishers

38. 16th Century Weapons • To date firearms required two hands • Match plus weapon • Cavalry at a disadvantage • Wheellock 1515 allowed the cavalry to use one hand • Cavalry carried three weapons • Two in holsters and one in the right boot • Fire all three, drop the last and draw sword or retire to reload (needed both hands)

39. 16th Century Weapons • Wheellock for muskets and arquebuses was having mechanical problems • Spring weakened after time • Rough handling ruined the wheel • Matchlock remained the prevailing weapon for another century

40. THE CAVALRYMAN’S EFFORT TO DEFEND • CHAIN MAIL WAS REPLACED BY PLATE ARMOR • THE WEIGHT OF A KNIGHT’S ARMOR INCREASED • THE ARMOR PROTECTION OF HORSES INCREASED • BY THE END OF THE 14TH CENTURY • MOBILITY