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The First Crusade

The First Crusade. 1096-1099. Rise of Islam. Muhammed (570-632) Unification of Arabs Conquest of neighboring lands Middle East, n. Africa, Asia Minor Incl. Antioch and Jerusalem, Alexandria Constantinople threatened, falls in 1453 Pilgrims could visit holy sites, but had to pay taxes

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The First Crusade

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  1. The First Crusade 1096-1099

  2. Rise of Islam • Muhammed (570-632) • Unification of Arabs • Conquest of neighboring lands • Middle East, n. Africa, Asia Minor • Incl. Antioch and Jerusalem, Alexandria • Constantinople threatened, falls in 1453 • Pilgrims could visit holy sites, but had to pay taxes • Spain: 711-1492

  3. Guibert of Nogent’s account • “Saint” story • Must have a miracle • Note Urban’s miracle! • Pope Urban II not an official saint, but beatified in 1881 by Pope Leo XIII • Sees events as signs of God’s providence • Mixes the gory and the pious without irony • See p. 334

  4. Call to Crusade: 1095 • Pope Urban worried about Muslims in Spain • Apocalyptic fears • Retaking control of holy sites could quicken the end of the world (327-28) • Need a Christian resurgence first • Need a battle with the Antichrist (“Bring it on”) • Muslims control Holy Land (Palestine) • Sites of Christian pilgrimage • Charged tax to visit sites • French more receptive • Germans less obedient to pope • God favors the French

  5. Violence, anti-Judaism at home • Rhineland communities in France and Germany • Call issued • Responders: if we are going abroad to kill the infidel, why not kill the infidel at home? • Attacked whole Jewish communities • Many committed suicide, killed children before Crusaders could • Remembered in Judaism as martyrs

  6. A holy war? • “Cleanse the holiness of the city and the glory of the tomb, which has been polluted by the thick crowd of pagans,” Pope Urban II (327) • Says previous wars in France/Europe were for greed and pride • This war is holier, for higher purposes • Receive gift of martyrdom • Earn “present and future praise” • Soldiers received absolution as they set out • Later, contributors could receive an indulgence • Framed as a form of asceticism (330) • Worship and almsgiving part of the effort (331) • Winning battle like freeing Christ from the tomb (333) • Retribution by God against Muslims

  7. For next time • Rise of papal authority • Gregorian reforms, 1070s • How did Pope Gregory claim his authority over kings? • Why? • Is he trying to correct abuses of power?

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