NOTABLE HISTORIC AND FUTURE THREATENING EVENTS ALONG THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE As of April 21, 2012

1. NOTABLE HISTORIC AND FUTURE THREATENING EVENTS ALONG THE PACIFIC RING OF FIREAs of April 21, 2012 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. RING OF FIRE

3. 1,000 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ALONG THE RING OF FIRE

4. MANY HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES ALONG THE RING OF FIRE

5. SOME OF THE HISTORIC EVENTS ALONG THE RING OF FIRE

6. NOTABLE HISTORIC EVENTS ALONG THE RING OFFIRE • THE PHILIPPINES: MOUNT PINATUBO • USA: NORTHRIDGE, CA EARTHQUAKE • CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND: EARTHQUAKES • SENDAI, JAPAN: EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI • CHILE: VOLCANO PUYEUHE

7. THE PHILIPPINES: Mt. PiNATUBO: JUNE 15, 1991

8. Pinatubo was the second largest eruption of the 20th century and the largest to impact a densely populated area.

9. NORTHRIDGE, CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE 4:31 AM ON JANUARY 17, 1994 M 6.8

10. NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE • 57 DEATHS • 9,000 INJURIES • OVER $50 BILLION DAMAGE • TRANSPORT-ATION SYSTEMS FAILED

11. CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND: SEPT 2010 & FEB 2011 EARTHQUAKES

12. TWO EARTHQUAKES SEVERELY CUT NEW ZEALAND’S 2011 ECONOMIC GROWTH A DEEP (33 KM) M7.1 AND A SHALLOW (4 KM) M6.3 QUAKE SIX MONTHS APART COMBINE TO HALF NEW ZEALAND’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

13. M9.0 TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IMPACTED JAPAN WITH THE TSUNAMI WAVES REACHING PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES 4TH LARGEST QUAKE EVER 3 – 40 M TSUNAMI WAVES 2:46 pm MARCH 11, 2011

14. JAPAN: TSUNAMI FOLLOWING M9.0 EARTHQUAKE

15. CHILE’S VOLCANO PUYEHUE ERUPTED WITH A MASSIVE ASH CLOUD AND SPECTACULAR LIGHTNING JUNE 4, 2011

16. VOLCANO PUYEHUE’S ASH CLOUD: JUNE 4, 2011

17. PUYEHUE’S ASH CLOUD • The ash cloud over the Southern Hemisphere has impacted Argentina and spread as far as South Africa and Australia.

18. PUYEHUE’S ASH CLOUD • The ash cloud over the Southern Hemisphere impacted Argentina and spread as far as South Africa and Australia.

19. NOTABLE HISTORIC EVENTS ALONG THE RING OF FIRE • CHILE: EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI • COLOMBIA: NEVADA DEL RUIZ

20. M8.8 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL CHILE:3:34 am on February 27, 2010 Subduction Zone Quake 500 Times More Energy than the M7.0 Haiti Quake 800+ Deaths; 500+ Injured Numerous Aftershocks Tsunami Waves Travel Across Pacific Estimated Loss: $30 Billion

21. The Chilean people had to cope with the demands associated with: 1) a mega-quake, 2) a vigorous aftershock sequence with large events, 3) tsunami wave run up, 4) looting of the affluent sector, and 5) recovery after the loss of 15 percent of the GDP.

22. It was a catastrophic experience, even though Chile has experienced many past earthquakes, has implemented a modern building code, and was well prepared to respond to all aspects of the emergency.

23. COLOMBIA: NEVADA DEL RUIZ, a 1988 disaster

24. The lahar generated by the eruption of Nevada del Ruiz buried 25,000 people in the city of Armero as they slept.

25. SOME OF THE THREATENING EVENTS ALONG THE RING OF FIRE

26. THREATENING EVENTS ALONG THE RING OFFIRE • JAPAN: MOUNT FUJI • JAPAN: TOKAI EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI • USA: NORTHERN CALIFORNIA • USA: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA • USA: CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE

27. MOUNT FUJI: JAPAN; a threat to tokyo

28. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO Because of its location in the densely populated Bay area of 7 million people,an earthquake on the Hayward fault could be one of the USA's worst natural disasters.

29. HAYWARD FAULT ZONE

30. A HAYWARD FAULT SCENARIO A Hayward fault earthquake potentially affects 5 million people, and damages homes, schools, senior centers, hospitals, businesses, the Bay bridge, andthe campus of UC Berkeley.

31. IMPACTS:SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA A M 7.0 earthquake on the Hayward fault will cause an estimated $210 billion dollars in damage. The region'stransportation infrastructure and water delivery systems will take a major hit.

32. THE GREAT TOKAI EARTHQUAKE POSSIBLY THE WORLD’S FOREMOST IMPENDING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER FOR WHICH JAPAN HAS BEEN PREPARING FOR 25 YEARS

33. REGIONAL MAP

34. TOKAI EARTHQUAKE • The Government of Japan expects its next great earthquake to be “the Tokai Earthquake.”

35. TOKAI EARTHQUAKE • Estimated deaths — between 7,900 and 9,200 depending on the amount of advance warning and the time of day it occurs. • Estimated property damage –- as much as $310 billion.

36. TOKAI EARTHQUAKE • Landslides -- 6,449 specific locations • Structures susceptible to quake-related fires – 58,402 specific houses

37. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (LOS ANGELES AREA) EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO

38. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AREA

39. POTENTIAL IMPACTS The magnitude 7.8 scenario earthquake will cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion of economic losses.

40. CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE

41. CASCADIA SUDUCTION ZONE

42. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON

43. CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE • The Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ), which extends from Vancouver Island to Cape Mendiceno, is capable of producing earthquakes of M8 to M9 and a destructive tsunami if the M > 8.0.

44. A M9.0 CSZ EARTHQUAKE • Long-period waveswill dominate the ground shaking of a M9.0 CSZ earthquake. • Long-period ground shaking is very efficient in exciting tall buildings, long bridges, and long pipelines into vibration.

45. THREATENING EVENTS ALONG THE RING OF FIRE • MEXICO: POPOCATEPETL • USA: MOUNT RAINIER • ECUADOR: SANGAY • VANUATU: MOUNT YASUR • GUATEMALA: SANTA MARIA

46. MEXICO’S POPOCATEPETL: APRIL 20

47. An estimated 5 million people in the states of Mexico, Puebla, and Morelos would be affected by a major eruption of the 17,778 ft Popocatepetl

48. MT RAINIER: TACOMA, WA

49. Tacoma, the capital city is at high risk when Rainier erupts

50. SANGAY, ECUADOR