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The Age of European Explorations & Conquests

The Age of European Explorations & Conquests. Motives for European Exploration. The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from trade with China, India (Ex = Spain – why?) The Renaissance (Humanism) led to a great curiosity about other lands and peoples

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The Age of European Explorations & Conquests

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  1. The Age of European Explorations & Conquests

  2. Motives for European Exploration The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from trade with China, India (Ex = Spain – why?) The Renaissance (Humanism) led to a great curiosity about other lands and peoples The Reformation resulted in many refugees needing new homes & missionaries seeking new souls to convert Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue Fame, fortune & glory!

  3. New Naval Technologies Better Maps - increased safety, Astrolabe – helped determine what time it was (helped with speed, latitude) Mariner’s Compass – determine N / S / E / W Sextant – determine latitude (location)

  4. New Weapons Technology

  5. Prince Henry, the Navigator • Established a School for Navigation, 1419 • Trained sailors, captains in navigation, seamanship • Encouraged& sponsored Portuguese explorers

  6. Portuguese Exploration in Africa, Asia • 1460s-80s: Explored the west coast of Africa • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487: rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) but didn’t make it to India • Vasco da Gama, 1498: first European to sail to India • Around Africa, across Indian Ocean to Calicut and Goa

  7. Diaz’s Trip to India

  8. Spain and the “West Indies”

  9. Christofo Colon [1451-1506] • Goal was to find westward passage to China – why? • Christopher Columbus’ early life (Italian; at sea from age 10; to Spain in 1487) • Looked for sponsors for voyages (Leaders of Portugal; Genoa; Venice; England; Spain)

  10. Columbus’ Four Voyages • When Columbus died, he was convinced that he had discovered a route to China & the Far East

  11. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the WorldEarly 16c

  12. Other Voyages of Exploration Cabot: Italian, working for English (route to North America) Amerigo Vespucci: Italian; explored S. America and lent his name to the Continent

  13. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  14. The First Spanish Conquest:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

  15. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez Aztec myths Spanish allied with Aztec enemies Invited Montezuma to a meeting, then kidnapped him! Without a ruler, Aztec empire disintegrated

  16. The First Spanish Conquests The Incas 3 expeditions Took advantage of civil war of Incans Captured Atahualpa, ransomed for 22x17 room filled with gold! Disease killed most Incans vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  17. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  18. Mercantilism • Economic policy that viewed prosperity as a zero sum game • Measured in gold / silver that a country had • Neighboring country ex. • Best way to accumulate wealth = positive balance of trade, with colonies • Get raw materials from colony • Sell finished goods to colony • Government should be protectionist (tariffs & colonies)

  19. The Columbian Exchange • One of the most significant events of world history • Exchange of plants, animals, products & diseases between “old” and “new” worlds • What did each world get?

  20. The “Columbian Exchange”

  21. The Potato

  22. The “Triangle” Trade • Slave trade consisted of three parts • First, Europeans brought manufactured goods to Africa • Second, Europeans took Africans to Americas as slaves (“middle passage”) • Third, Europeans took raw materials back to Europe

  23. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans (African v. African; Muslims v. African) • In New World, Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans • Sugar cane very difficult to harvest • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518 • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

  24. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  25. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  26. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  27. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

  28. European Empires in the Americas

  29. New Colonial Rivals • Portugal lacked the population and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean • Spain conquered the Philippines • First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 • Surat in NW India in 1608 • Dutch arrived in India in 1595

  30. New Colonial Rivals

  31. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease; survivors converted to Christianity Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created great wealth – and an inflationary economic climate New products introduced across the continents (“Columbian Exchange”) Deepened rivalries between European countries

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