Cambodia and Germany in the Cold War

1. Cambodia and Germany in the Cold War Can communism be contained?

2. What happened to Cambodia? • Khmer Rouge: ______________________________________ • Formed in 1968 as a faction of the Peoples’ Army of ____________ • Ruled from 1975-1978 • Led by _____________

3. Rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge • Attempts at _____________________________led to widespread famine • Forced evacuation of ________ populations (“New People”) in an attempt to create _______________ __________________________(“Old People”) • Insisted on absolute _______________________ = complete ______________ • Severe restrictions on ____________________(religion, privacy, communication, etc.) • Mass executions of dissenters, intellectuals, foreigners or “New People” led to the ______________________. • Maintained support through _____________________.

4. Crimes Against Humanity • The Khmer Rouge arrested, tortured, and executed anyone suspected of belonging to several categories of supposed "enemies:” • Connections to ________ or ___________ governments • Professionals & _______________ (In practice, this included everyone with an _____________) • Artists, musicians, writers • ___________________________________________ • ________ Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai populations • “Economic Saboteurs:” former __________ populations • Death toll is estimated between ______________.

5. Fall of Khmer Rouge • By December 1978, due to several years of _______________ and the _____________, relations between Cambodia and _________ collapsed • Vietnamese forces invaded and captured the capital, ____________, in January 1979 (left) • During period of Sino-Soviet tensions: ________ supported Vietnam & ______supported Cambodia • Occupation and fighting continued until a _____________________ was established in 1996 • _____________________________

6. REVIEW • What led to the division of Germany in 1949? • What were the causes/effects of the Berlin blockade? • How did containment in Asia effect the Cold War in Europe? • What were the two Cold War alliances?

7. Timeline of Events Affecting post-war Germany (1945-1961) • 1945: Yalta & Potsdam Conferences • 1948: Marshall Aide approved; Berlin Blockade • 1949: NATO established; West (FRG) & East (GDR) Germanys established • 1955: West Germany admitted to NATO (effect of Korean War) • 1958: Khrushchev attempts negotiation = ultimatum • 1961: Berlin Wall is built

8. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization In 1949 the western nations formed the _________________________ ______________to coordinate their defense against USSR. Pledged signers to treat an attack against one, as _________________ It originally consisted of: America - Holland Belgium - Italy Britain - Luxembourg Canada - Norway Denmark - Portugal France When West Germany joined in 1955, the Soviets responded….. NATO flag 8

9. Warsaw Pact Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in __________________________. Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland ___________________________ Founding members: Albania (left in 1961) - Poland Bulgaria - Romania Czechoslovakia - USSR (founding member) Hungary - East Germany (joined in 1956) 9

11. The Two Germanys: East vs. West Economic Differences Political Differences West Germany: _____________ East Germany: ____________________________________________________ Discontent in East Germany led to riots in 1953 – put down with Soviet tanks As a result of these differences, no further efforts were made to _______________________. • West Germany (“economic miracle”) • ______________________________________________________________________________ • East Germany: • Forced ____________ of farms and rapid socialization = massive ________________________ • Hardships and drop in living standards caused many East Germans ____________________________________________________

12. Exodus of East Germany • Economic and political disparities caused a mass exodus of ________________________________. • Encouraged by West • Between 1945-1961, _______ of the whole German population moved West via Berlin • In 1958, _____________ proposed a peace treaty that would ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Walter Ulbricht ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Berlin Crisis of 1958 • Khrushchev’s ultimatum: If the West did not agree to these changes, he would _________________________________ ___________________________________________________. • To resist Khrushchev might _________________________!!! • Due to Western outrage, the ultimatum was dropped and negotiations began • 2/1959: meeting in Geneva to propose German unity, but ________________________________________________ • _________: meeting in US, but again, no agreement reached • Numbers of refugees continued to grow as _______________ ____________ with Khrushchev's failure to solve the problem (he wanted ______________________; no peace with West!) • Khrushchev hoped he would have better luck with ________

15. Kennedy and “Flexible Response” • “We intend to have a wider choice than humiliation or all out nuclear war” • His approach to containment was a policy of “flexible response” • Limited involvement in _______________ • More spending on _____________________ • Increasing _________________________ • Continued ______ covert work • Continued _____________________to countries • Continued __________________with the USSR

16. Kennedy and “Flexible Response” • How was Eisenhower’s “New Look” different than Kennedy’s “Flexible Response?” Similar?

17. Kennedy and “Flexible Response” • Khrushchev assumed he could __________________________in foreign affairs, but JFK was determined to _______________ to the Soviets • Called Berlin “an island of freedom in a communist sea” and “a beacon of hope behind the iron curtain.” • Responded to Khrushchev’s demands with an _____________ ___________________________. • “We cannot and will not permit the Soviets to drive us out of Berlin, either gradually or by force.”

18. Construction of the Berlin Wall • In August 1961, Khrushchev ________________________ ________________________________________________ • Why did Khrushchev agree to this? • Growing _________ in Berlin • ________________to the West • ________________’s response • ________ problems in the East • Construction of the Berlin Wall began ______________

19. 41 miles long (28 on border) 12 feet high Fortified with guards and weapons Included anti-vehicle trenches Over 5,000 escape attempts Became a symbol for the division between East & West Berlin Wall

20. What did the building of the wall mean…. • For Khrushchev? • Visible admission that __________________________: the Soviets had to create a barrier to _____________________. He was able to regain control over the situation and free himself of pressure from Ulbricht • For Ulbricht? • _________________________________________________ • For the citizens of Berlin? • _________________________________________________ • For the Cold War? • Removed Germany as a key issue in Cold War negotiations; Americans disliked it, _______________________________ • Focus of the Cold War moved from Europe

21. Berlin Wall Document Analysis • Pgs. 87-89 • How do these documents compare in their analysis of the results of building the Berlin Wall? • Essay Example • When and why was Germany the focus of Cold War hostility in the 16 years after WWII?