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IDEOLOGIES OF CHANGE

IDEOLOGIES OF CHANGE. History 103 The West and the World. Focus Questions. What role did government and trade unions play in the industrial development of the Western world? Who helped the workers the most?. SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. The Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe.

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IDEOLOGIES OF CHANGE

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  1. IDEOLOGIES OF CHANGE History 103The West and the World

  2. Focus Questions • What role did government and trade unions play in the industrial development of the Western world? Who helped the workers the most?

  3. SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  4. The Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe The source of wealth in feudal societies is the land, agriculture. In Europe, as trade became more endemic, as itinerant traders morphed into respected merchants, and permanent towns replaced occasional fairs, trade enabled the acquisition of a more ‘liquid’ form of wealth—money. Early capitalism, also called merchant capitalism or mercantilism, challenged the hegemony of the landed aristocracy.

  5. Classical Capitalism As capitalism ‘matured,’ the source of wealth shifted to industry; In classical capitalism, instead of ‘adding value’ by merely moving a commodity in time and space, value is added in a production process in which resources are transformed into products— goods and services—ostensibly more valuable to consumers than the cost of the factors of production employed to produce them.The value added, when realized, is profit.

  6. New kind of economy • Continuous, rapid, self-sustaining economic growth came to be seen as fundamental characteristic of new economy

  7. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM • Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Laissez-faire economics • “Hidden hand” • Thomas Malthus (1766-1834), Essay on the Principles of Population • Geometric Growth of Population • Arithmetic Growth of Food Supply • David Ricardo (1772-1823), Principles of Political Economy • “Iron Law of Wages”

  8. Adam Smith 1723-1790 • The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Economic Liberalism • laissez faire • The Hidden Hand • Theory of Progress Role of government limited to national defense, domestic justice and public works

  9. The Hidden Hand of the laissez-faire economy “Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society, which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage, naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society….” Adam Smith “…he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part his intention.” Adam Smith

  10. Thomas Malthus1766-1834 “Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence only increases in an arithmetical ratio. A slight acquaintance with numbers will show the immensity of the first power in comparison of the second.” Thomas Malthus Who is mainly responsible for poverty?

  11. David Ricardo 172-1823 • David Ricardo (1772-1823), Principles of Political Economy • “Iron Law of Wages”

  12. Class Consciousness • Middle Class—bourgeoisie • Working Class—proletariat • Peasant • Landed Gentry—old aristocracy

  13. Social and political impacts: middle, entrepreneurial and business classes • Concept of “middle class” • New business aristocracy

  14. Social and political impacts: reforms, regulations and labor organizations • Cotton factories Regulation Act (1819) • MP Sadler and the Factory Act (1833) • Ashley and the Mines Act (1842) • Unions, 1824 • Grand National Consolidated Trade Unions, 1834

  15. Socialism • Utopian Socialism • Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) • Charles Fourier (1772-1837) • Robert Owen (1771-1858) • Scientific Socialism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Communist Manifesto (1848) • Das Kapital • Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

  16. Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) • Guide for legislators and reformers • Pleasure and pain • Maximize utility

  17. Utilitarianism (1863) • The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure” • Objections and Refinements • Is this a theory worthy of swine? • Which are the higher pleasures? • Why choose higher pleasures if they bring more pain? • But people sink to indolence and selfishness • Summary • Happiness, social harmony, sympathy

  18. John Stuart Mill 1806-1873 Harriet Taylor 1807-1858

  19. On Liberty (1859) • The region of human liberty • Inward domain of consciousness—liberty of conscience, thought, feeling, opinion, sentiment; liberty of expression and publication • Tastes and pursuits—even if others think us foolish • Social—freedom to unite

  20. On Liberty (1859) “The object of this Essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant…. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign” .

  21. Liberalism and Human Nature • Rational agents • Mental capacity—rights are ascribed because of a particularly human capacity for rationality • Property of individuals (not groups)—so individuals are the basic constituents—ontologically prior and sovereign over selfhood • Best at identifying own interests • Self-interested, but capable of impartiality • Utilitarianism—How shall we live?

  22. The Subjection of Women (1869) • the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes — the legal subordination of one sex to the other — is wrong itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality… • Marriage is the only actual bondage known to our law. There remain no legal slaves, except the mistress of every house .

  23. Conservatism • Principles of Conservatism • Obedience to Political Authority • Organized Religion Central to Social Stability • Opposed to Revolutionary Change • Generally Opposed to Civil Liberties • Community over individual rights • Tradition as the Guide to Order • Support for Hereditary Monarchs • Opposed Representative Governments & Nationalist Aspirations

  24. Karl Marx(1818-1883) not only anticipated the ability of capitalism to achieve unprecedented rates of economic growth but also predicted the exacerbation of income inequality: a larger pie but more disparate slices

  25. Marx and Alienated Labor (Labour) “The devaluation of the human world increases in direct relation with the increase in value of the world of things. Labour does not only create goods; it also produces itself and the worker as a commodity, and in the same proportion as it produces goods. 1818-1883 Karl Marx (1818-1883)

  26. Communism • Economics as the Foundation • Mode of Production • “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle.” • Theory of “surplus value.” • Dialectical Materialism • Mode of Production and material conditions drive ideas • Violent Revolution as inevitable • Classless Society -- bourgeois state will “wither away.”

  27. Socialism • Utopian Socialism • Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) • Charles Fourier (1772-1837) • Robert Owen (1771-1858) • Scientific Socialism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Communist Manifesto (1848) • Das Kapital • Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

  28. Marx and Alienated Labor (Labour) • 1844 • “The devaluation of the human world increases in direct relation with the increase in value of the world of things. Labour does not only create goods; it also produces itself and the worker as a commodity, and in the same proportion as it produces goods. 1818-1883 Karl Marx (1818-1883)

  29. Communism • Economics as the Foundation • Mode of Production • “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle.” • Theory of “surplus value.” • Dialectical Materialism • Mode of Production and material conditions drive ideas • Violent Revolution as inevitable • Classless Society -- bourgeois state will “wither away.”

  30. Political and Economic Liberalism The Inherent Tension or Heilbroner’s Two Realms “…capitalism is unique in history in having not one but two centers of authority, one built around the ‘economic’ prerogatives of the business system, the other around the ‘political’ prerogatives of the governmental system.”

  31. Political and Economic Liberalism The Inherent Tension or Heilbroner’s Two Realms “…there is an inherent pulling apart in a social order composed of two realms---one built on the verticality of wealth, the other on the horizontality of democracy.” Wealth & Class Equality Democracy Capitalism

  32. Conclusions and Consequences: New kind of economy • Continuous, rapid, self-sustaining economic growth came to be seen as fundamental characteristic of new economy

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