Four Goals of Progressivism

2. SECTION 1 The Origins of Progressivism Ch. 17 Four Goals of Progressivism • Concerns of Progressives • Early 1900s, middle-class reformers address problems of 1890s • Different reform efforts collectively called progressive movement • Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity, correct injustice by: • the four goals 1) protecting social welfare, 2) promoting moral improvement • 3) creating economic reform, 4) fostering efficiency

3. SECTION 1 Ch. 17 continuedFour Goals of Progressivism 1) Protecting Social Welfare • Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other reform groups • Florence Kelley, political activist, advocate for women, children - helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women’s hours 2) Promoting Moral Improvement • Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior • Prohibition—banning of alcoholic drinks • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads prohibition crusade

4. SECTION 1 Ch. 17 continuedFour Goals of Progressivism 3) Creating Economic Reform • 1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism; many become socialists • Muckrakers—journalists who expose corruption in politics, business 4) Fostering Efficiency • Many use experts, science to make society, workplace more efficient (produce MORE FASTER) • Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists’ data in trial • Scientific management—time and motion studies applied to workplace Frederick Winslow Taylor • Assembly lines speed up production, make people work like machines - cause high worker turnover

6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI

9. Modern Times (1936)

10. I Love Lucy – Assembly Line http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YGF5R9i53A

11. AIRPLANES • In the early 20th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and aircrafts • They commissioned a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a biplane • On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12 seconds covering 120 feet • Within two years the brothers were making 30 minute flights • By 1920, the U.S. was using airmail flights regularly Wright Brothers’ first flight 12/17/1903

12. SECTION 1 Ch. 17 Cleaning Up Local Government • Reforming Local Government • Reformers try to make government efficient, responsive to voters • Some cities adopt government by commission of experts • Many use council-manager: people elect council that appoints manager • Reform Mayors • Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit fares, corruption • Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights corrupt utility companies

13. Discussion • Why is cleaning up government so important during this time period? • What were some problems?

14. SECTION 1 Ch. 17 Reform at the State Level Reform Governors • Governors push states to pass laws to regulate large businesses • Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then senator of Wisconsin - attacks big business Protecting Working Children • Child workers get lower wages, small hands handle small parts better - families need children’s wages • National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of harsh conditions • Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages • Groups press government to ban child labor, cut hours

15. SECTION 1 Ch. 17 continuedReform at the State Level • Efforts to Limit Working Hours • Muller v. Oregon—Court upholds limiting women to 10-hour workday • Bunting v. Oregon—upholds 10-hour workday for men • Reformers win workers’ compensation for families of injured, killed

16. SECTION 1 Ch. 17 continuedReform at the State Level Reforming Elections • Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall • Initiative—bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots • Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law • Recall—voters remove elected official through early election • Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates Direct Election of Senators • Seventeenth Amendment permits popular election of senators

17. Discussion Question Which of the following choices do you think Livingston implemented when wanting to move the football field over a few feet? Justify your answer Initiative—bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law Recall—voters remove elected official through early election

18. SECTION 2 Women in Public Life Ch. 17 Women in the Work Force • Changing Patterns of Living • Only middle-, upper-class women can devote selves to home, family • Poor women usually have to work for wages outside home • Farm Women • On Southern, Midwestern farms, women’s roles same as before • Perform household tasks, raise livestock, help with crops

19. SECTION 2 Ch. 17 continuedWomen in the Work Force • Women in Industry • After 1900, 1 in 5 women hold jobs; 25% in manufacturing • 50% industrial workers in garment trade; earn half of men’s wages • Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high school education • Business schools train bookkeepers, stenographers, typists • Domestic Workers • In 1870, 70% of employed women do domestic work • Many African-American, immigrant women do domestic labor • - married immigrants take in piecework, boarders

20. SECTION 2 Ch. 17 Women Lead Reform • Women Get Involved • Many female industrial workers seek to reform working conditions • Women form cultural clubs, sometimes become reform groups • Women in Higher Education • Many women active in public life have attended new women’s colleges • 50% college-educated women never marry; many work on social reforms

23. Florence Kelly Frances Willard

30. SECTION 2 Ch. 17 continuedWomen Lead Reform • Women and Reform • • Women reformers target workplace, housing, education, food, drugs • • Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) • - works for woman suffrage, or right to vote • Men’s reasons: for AND against • Susan B. Anthony • “Negro’s hour” • 1872: “Not a penny …” • Died 14 years before …

31. 1. You will not marry during the term of your contract. 2. You are not to keep company with men. 3. You must be home between the hours of 8 PM and 6 AM unless at a school function. 4. You may not loiter downtown in any of the ice cream stores. 5. You may not travel beyond the city limits unless you have permission of the chairman of the chairman of the school board. 6. You may not ride in carriages or automobiles with any man except your father or brother. 7. You may not smoke cigarettes. 8. You may not dress in bright colors. 9. You may under no circumstances dye your hair. 10. You must wear at least 2 petticoats. 11. Your dresses may not be any shorter than 2 inches above the ankles. 12. To keep the classroom neat and clean you must sweep the floor once a day, scrub the floor with hot soapy water once a week, clean the blackboards once a day and start the fire at 7 AM to have the school warm by 8 AM when the scholars arrive.

32. continuedWomen Lead Reform • A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage • Convince state legislatures to give women right to vote • Test 14th Amendment—states lose representation if deny men vote • Push for constitutional amendment to give women the vote • NAWSA: Carrie Chapman Catt • Organization • Close tie to local, state and national workers • Wide base of support • Lobbying • Ladylike behavior • Alice Paul/National Woman’s Party • Bold tactics used in Europe • National pressure only • Blamed the Democrats • Picketing of White House • Hunger strikes

33. Women Win Suffrage Local Suffrage Battles • College-educated women spread suffrage message to working-class • Go door-to-door, take trolley tours, give speeches at stops - some adopt bold tactics of British suffragists Catt and the National Movement • Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA, stresses organization, lobbying • National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures for suffrage amendment • Work of patriotic women in war effort influences politicians • 1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote

40. Early Success