Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

1. Nose Nasal cavity – space behind the nose Vestibular region Olfactory region Respiratory region Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region Cilia – nose hairs Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Why do we have nose hair? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2. Sinuses - Cavities in the skull. Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air Provide resonance to the voice Structures of the Upper Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

3. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System • Pharynx • Throat • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • About 5” long 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

4. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Epiglottis A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

5. Larynx Voice Box Triangular chamber below pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis Also called the Adam’s Apple Structures of the Upper Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

6. Trachea Windpipe Approximately 4 ½” long The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Can you identify the trachea? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

7. At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide into right and left branches. As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

8. Bronchi Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth muscle Lined with ciliated epithelium Structures of the Lower Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

9. Alveoli Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Contain surfactant …fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries Structures of the Lower Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

10. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System • The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity • Apex • Base • Fit snugly over diaphragm. • Lung tissue is porous and spongy. • Right lung • Larger and shorter than the left lung • Displaced by the liver • 3 lobes • Left lung • Smaller than the right side • Displaced by the heart • 2 lobes 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

11. Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs…serous membrane Double-walled sac Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid Structures of the Lower Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

12. Mediastinum A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue Also called the interpleural space Located between the lungs Contains the thoracic viscera Structures of the Lower Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

13. Diaphragm from the muscular system! Structures of the Lower Respiratory System 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

14. External respiration- gas exchange in the lungs occurs between the blood and air in the atmosphere Internal respiration - gas exchange at the cellular level where oxygen goes from the blood stream to the cells Breathing Exhalation Inhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

15. Inspiration The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

16. Expiration Opposite action takes place Exhalation is a passive process 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

17. 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Breathing Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20 Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations ↓ Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate

18. Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. • Coughing • Hiccups • Sneezing • Yawning Why do they occur? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

19. Neural Factors Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm Control of breathing 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

20. Chemical Factors CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain) Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2 Control of breathing 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

21. Types of breathing • Apnea • Dyspnea • Eupnea • Hyperpnea • Orthopnea • Tachypnea • Hyperventilation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

22. Lung capacity and volume • Tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

23. Lung capacity and volume • Vital lung capacity • Residual volume • Functional residual capacity 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

24. Lung capacity and volume • Total lung capacity • Tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve • Expiratory reserve • Residual air Sample 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

25. COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best preventative measure Respiratory disorders How long should you wash your hands? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

26. COMMON COLD • Contagious viral respiratory infection • Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep • Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition • Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) • Hand washing – best preventative measure

27. LARYNGITIS • Inflammation of larynx or voice box • Often secondary to other respiratory infections • Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!

28. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS • Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities • Caused by bacteria or virus • Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance • Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

29. Asthma Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

30. ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or psychological stress 5% of Americans have asthma Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

31. BRONCHITIS Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous May be acute or chronic Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

32. Bronchitis Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

33. REPIRATORY DISORDERS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

34. EMPHYSEMA • Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their elasticity. • May eventually rupture • Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required • Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 • Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

35. INFLUENZA (Flu) • Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs • Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion • Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleuresy • Rx – treat the symptoms

36. PNEUMONIA • Infection of the lung • Caused by bacteria or virus. • Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid) • Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea • Rx – O2 and antibiotics

37. Respiratory disorders What can cause a pneumothorax? • Pneumothorax – collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity

38. TUBERCULOSIS • Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an increase in US. • Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs • Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats • Diagnosis – TB skin test • If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample • Rx – antibiotic

39. The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system Did you know??? Vitamin D- prevents respiratory disease in newborns Folate- prevents respiratory infections Vitamin E- prevents common colds 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system