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Chapter 12 The New West and Free North (1840-1860)

Mr. Calella American Studies I. Chapter 12 The New West and Free North (1840-1860). Van Buren’s One-Term Presidency. Part One. Andrew Jackson. Rich/Poor, East/West, North/South, Slave Supporters/Abolitionists were all supporters Guiding Principles Anti-special interest

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Chapter 12 The New West and Free North (1840-1860)

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  1. Mr. Calella American Studies I Chapter 12The New West and Free North(1840-1860)

  2. Van Buren’s One-Term Presidency Part One

  3. Andrew Jackson • Rich/Poor, East/West, North/South, Slave Supporters/Abolitionists were all supporters • Guiding Principles • Anti-special interest • Economic opportunity • Political freedom • Common man

  4. Rise of the Whig Party(Clay & Calhoun)

  5. The Whig Party • 1834 by Clay and Calhoun in response to Jackson • Took name from English party • Called Jackson “King Andrew”; WHY? • Party made up NON-“Common Man” types (high status, well educated) • Supported Clay’s American System • National Bank with national currency • High Tariff • Internal Improvements

  6. “King Andrew” political cartoon • Why does he have a “veto” scroll in left hand? • Symbolism of robe, crown and scepter? • Why standing on Constitution? • Who do you think made this political cartoon? • Would you add anything or draw it differently? What? How?

  7. Election of 1836 • Martin Van Buren is Jackson’s VP (takes over for Calhoun in 1833) • Whigs ran 3 candidates, WHY? Strategy? • Did not work b/c Van Buren had Jackson’s blessing • Common Men gave him support • Last time until 1988! • Whigs learned they needed a “common man” candidate to win

  8. Van Buren’s 1-Term Presidency • Took office in midst of the “Panic of 1837” • England “calling in” loans to US b/c of trade deficit • Runs on banks • Price of goods and stock shares fall • Depression: not his fault, but he took Jacksonian “hands off” approach-blamed him • Bad luck for Van Buren! “Panic of 1839” • Creates Dept. of Treasury to replace BUS (could not make loans but it did regulate banks & loaning policies) • Effect of economy on how people view president? Today?

  9. Election of 1840Van Buren vs. Harrison

  10. Election of 1840 • Whigs- “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” • Whigs get smart and paint William Henry Harrison as “common man” (also former war hero like Jackson) • John Tyler from Va. and former Dem. to balance ticket (WHAT does that mean?Examples?) • Democrats- Van Buren • Whig Strategy: “The Log Cabin” Campaign • Harrison lived in log cabin, ate “hog meat” and drank hard cider • Van Buren as uppity, aristocrat, elitist from NY • REALITY-Harrison was “better off” than Van Buren • 1st election to use mass appeal techniques-ACTIVITY! • 4/5s of all voters turned out; Harrison wins but dies less than a month into his presidency (Tyler more of a Dem.)

  11. Economic and Industrial Evolution Part Two

  12. Agriculture and Land Policy • Factors behind Westward Movement & Increased Agriculture Production • Belief in Manifest Destiny • Treeless prairie land in west • New inventions (steel plow, reaper) • Federal land policy (promoted “American Dream”) • Obstacles Standing in Way • Native Americans • Frontier Hardships (Examples? Think-Pair-Share)

  13. Farming Inventions

  14. Manufacturing • Europe is “land poor, but labor rich” • How did middle and lower class make living? • How much did you have to pay laborers? • How was America different? • Mechanization in U.S. • Mass production of goods, especially in NE (Effect on price?) • Unskilled labor (artisans not necessary) • Unskilled labor wages vs. Artisan wages? Effect on Price? • England still dominates international market b/c goods cheaper and superior in quality than US goods • Explain?

  15. Railroads • Think-Pair-Share: create an ad showing how railroads were superior to canals. • 1848 to 1852: RR track mileage doubled • Why are RRs becoming so popular? • How are RRs making US more interdependent? • RRs Drive US Economy • Cheap transport for western crops to the east • Spur growth of new cities (Chicago, Buffalo, Cincinnati) • Land values near RRs go up; WHY? EXPLAIN! • Growth of related industries; WHICH ONES? • Created massive amount of new jobs

  16. Finance of Railroads • 2 requirements of all projects? • Private investors: 3/4s of all capital for new RRs • RRs seen as a great investment • Gov’t incentives for companies to build RRs- LAND GRANTS (land on both sides of planned track) • 6 square miles for each mile of track • By 1860, gov’t gave 20 million acres of land • RR Co. then sold land to settlers moving west • Why would settlers want to live near RR tracks? People today?

  17. RRs’ Later Effect on Civil War • RRs made NW less dependent on South • NW free to take an anti-slavery stance • South could have preserved NW dependency by encouraging RR construction, but did not • South later hurt during Civil War b/c of less developed RR system; EXPLAIN! • South relied too much on river transport, especially the Mississippi River

  18. Free Labor: Promise and Reality Part Three

  19. The Free-Labor Ideal: Freedom Plus Labor • Hope of equality and freedom-only for white males • Free Laborers: laborers who were not slaves • People supported “free laborers” • Self-made man • The American Dream • Free labor ideal affirmed an egalitarian vision of human potential • Free labor movement also benefitted US education system

  20. Discussion Questions • Some argued that the free-labor concept has contributed to American productivity than did any other single event, idea, or change. Do you agree? Explain. • Given the free labor push, how do you explain the success of the Southern slave-based economy? • Could the South have benefitted from the free-labor concept? • Who did the free labor concept leave behind?

  21. American Poverty • Higher standard of living than Europeans • Immigrants in city slums worse off than slaves • ¼ of all NYC on assistance in 1850s • How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis • Tenement housing & associated problems • Apartment sweat shops; everyone worked

  22. Tenement Living

  23. Immigration • 1840 to 1860- 4.5 million immigrants came to US, most from Germany and Ireland • Germans • Mostly skilled artisans, so no problem establishing • Moved to Midwest because came with enough $ • Irish • Mostly poor and unskilled, so remained in East • The Great Potato Famine • Overcrowded ships with disease • Faced prejudice b/c of Roman Catholic heritage • “No Irish Allowed”

  24. 1850s Immigration

  25. Workers’ Rights • 1850s-workers organized and had strikes • Why did economic downturns harm ability to strike? • What were the 2 classes of people created by industrialization? • How did industrialization create these two classes? • What it Karl Marx were born an American?

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