Chapter 12

1. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840)

2. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 1 The Rise of Nationalism

3. The Era of Good Feelings • Period of time following the War of 1812 known as the Era of Good Feelings • Time of peace, national pride • James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 • Won re-election in 1820 (ran unopposed) • U.S. resolved several conflicts with foreign powers during his presidency • U.S. and British Canada still disagreed about who controlled the waterways along their borders • Both countries wanted to keep their navies and fishing rights on the Great Lakes • Rush-Bagot Agreement – limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the U.S. and British Canada • Convention of 1818 (treaty) – gave the U.S. fishing rights off parts of Newfoundland and Labrador coasts; set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel – extended as far west as the Rocky Mountains; both countries agreed to jointly occupy part of the Pacific Northwest

4. The Issue of Florida • Dispute involving U.S. border with Spanish Florida • some Americans wanted to settled • Angered by raids on U.S. towns by Seminole Indians from Florida • Helped by runaway salves • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams spoke with Spanish diplomat Luis de Onis about allowing American settlers into Florida

5. The Issue of Florida (continued) • President Monroe sent troops under command of General Andrew Jackson to secure the border • Jackson’s troops invaded Florida to capture Seminole raiders – beginning of the First Seminole War • Fought the Spanish as well as the Seminole • Took over most of Spain’s important military posts and overthrew the governor of Florida • Committed acts against Spain without receiving direct orders from President Monroe • Jackson’s actions upset Spanish and British leaders • Most Americans in favor of Jackson • Jackson’s presence in Florida helped convince Spanish leaders to sign the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. and gave up claims to West Florida • U.S. gave up claims to what is now Texas and agreed to take responsibility for up to $5 million of U.S. citizens’ claims against Spain

6. The Monroe Doctrine • Spanish colonies in Central and South America began to challenge Spanish rule • By the early 1820s most of these Latin American countries had declared independence from Spain • Simon Bolivar – the Liberator – led revolution in Latin America • Revolutions reminded most American leaders of the American Revolution • Supported struggles for independence • President Monroe worried about Latin American independence • European powers might try to take control of the newly independent nations • Monroe Doctrine – warning to European powers not to interfere with the Americas; foreign powers should not create new colonies in North and South America • U.S. would view any European interference with Latin American governments as a hostile act

7. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 2 Expansion and Improvements

8. The Missouri Compromise • Major regional conflict over Missouri’s application for admission into the Union (1819) • Pro-slavery leaders in Missouri wanted to join the nation as a slave state • Union already had 11 free states and 11 slave states • Free states in the North had larger population – controlled the House of Representatives • Adding a new slave state would have tipped the balance in the Senate in favor of the south • Northern reps in the House passed legislative amendment accepting Missouri as a slave state with restrictions • Importing slaves into Missouri = illegal • Children of Missouri slaves set free • Proposed limits on slavery angered southern politicians

9. The Missouri Compromise (continued) • Senate rejected the amendment, Missouri still not a state • Henry Clay, representative from Kentucky, helped Congress reach the Missouri Compromise – three main conditions: • Missouri would enter as a slave state • Maine would join the Union as a free state • Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36°30’ latitude –Missouri’s new southern border • Benjamin Hardin (Kentucky) – warned regional differences over slavery threatened national unity

10. The Missouri Compromise (continued) • Congress passed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 • Maine = state, March 15, 1820 • Missouri = state, August 10, 1820 • Clay earned nickname “Great Pacificator” (peacemaker) • Strong disagreements between North and South over expansion of slavery continued

11. Internal Improvements • Henry Clay believed strong national economy would prevent regional conflicts • wanted protective tariff - to help domestic industries by keeping Americans from buying foreign goods • Use tariff money to improve roads and canals • Clay’s plan – American System (raise tariffs, use money for improvements) • Some members of Congress against plan • Said Constitution did not allow the federal government to spend money on internal improvements • Clay’s response – possible gains for country justified federal action • Protective tariff passed but little of the money used for internal improvements

12. New Roads and Canals • Most roads made of dirt in the early 1800s • Cumberland Road – first road built by the federal government • Ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling (town in present-day W. Virginia) along the Ohio River • 1815 – 1818 • National Road - Cumberland Road extended to Columbus Ohio by 1833, then to Illinois by 1850 • Water transportation was quicker, easier and cheaper than overland • Many areas of country did not have rivers to connect them to other towns – canal building increased dramatically in the Northeast

13. New Roads and Canals (continued) • Erie Canal – Albany (on Hudson River) to Buffalo (on Lake Erie) New York • Started in 1817, finished 1825 • Cost New York taxpayers millions of dollars • Allowed goods and people to move between towns on Lake Erie and New York City • Success of Erie Canal led to canal-building boom across the country

14. The Election of 1824 • Election of 1824 showed many regional differences • John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and William H. Crawford • No majority – electoral votes or popular vote • House had to choose winner • Henry Clay influenced the vote by backing Adams – he was chosen as president • Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” with Clay; accusations increased after Adams chose Clay to be his secretary of state • Controversy weakened President Adams’s congressional and public support • Had little support when asking for federal money for canals, education, roads, and scientific research

15. Life under James Monroe and John Quincy Adams: The Monroe Doctrine and the Missouri Compromise

16. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 3 The Age of Jackson

17. Jacksonian Democracy • Voting rights expanded west then east, giving more Americans the right to vote (1790s-1800s) • Removed property requirements for voting – more white men could vote • Nominating conventions – public meetings to select the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates • Expanded voting rights and conventions = more people involved in politics • Called democratic expansion Jacksonian Democracy after Andrew Jackson • 1820 – women not allowed to vote in any state • Free African Americans had no voting rights in most states • Jackson’s supporters = farmers, frontier settlers, and southern slaveholders – believed he would defend the rights of common people and the slave states

18. Jacksonian Democracy (continued) • Many believed that election of 1824 should have been won by Jackson (Adams won – “corrupt bargain”) • Jackson’s supporters began calling themselves Democrats – Democratic Party • Adams’s supporters – National Republicans • Election of 1828 – Adams ran as National Republican vs. Jackson, Democrat • Jackson chose Senator John C. Calhoun as VP running mate

19. Jackson’s Victory • 1828 campaign focused on candidates’ personalities • Jackson = war hero; born poor, rose to success through his own hard work • Adams = Harvard-educated; father = 2nd U.S. President • Jackson’s supporters said Adams out of touch with everyday people • Adams’s supporters said Jackson was hot tempered, crude and ill-equipped to be president • Jackson and Calhoun won with record number of popular votes • Supporters saw win as victory for common people

20. Jackson’s Victory (continued) • Jackson rewarded some supporters with government jobs – spoils system • Changed few government positions, replacing less than one-fifth of federal officeholders • Secretary of State – Martin Van Buren = Jackson’s strongest ally • Jackson relied on group of informal advisors = kitchen cabinet (sometimes met in White House kitchen)

21. Conflict over Tariffs • Growing regional conflict over tariffs • Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs to protect new industries from foreign competition • South wanted low tariffs - little manufacturing to protect; economy relied on agriculture • Imported most of their manufactured goods – high tariffs made them more expensive • Angered European trading partners • Westerners divided – northern areas support, southern areas oppose • Tariff of Abominations (as called by Southerners) was passed by Congress in 1828 under pressure from Northern manufacturers – very high tariff • Some saw this as one way the federal government was abusing power over the states

22. The Nullification Crisis • Vice President John C. Calhoun helped lead opposition to the tariff • Wrote statement in support of states’ rights • People who favor states’ rights believe authority of federal government strictly limited by the Constitution • Calhoun stated that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, any federal law they considered unconstitutional • Nullification crisis – dispute between state and federal governments • Calhoun said states had the right to rebel if their rights were violated; Daniel Webster disagreed – “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable!”

23. The Nullification Crisis (continued) • South Carolina tested the nullification theory after Congress passed a new tariff in 1832 • State legislature passed resolution stating that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were null and void, and not binding on the state • Calhoun resigned as vice president in support of his home state • SC – state would withdraw from the union if federal government tried to use force • Jackson strongly against nullification • Said he would send troops into SC to enforce federal laws • 2 sides reached a compromise – Congress agreed to lower tariffs little by little over several years, SC leaders agreed to enforce the tariff law (still believed nullification was legal)

24. The Second Bank of the United States • Jackson against the Second Bank of United States – founded by Congress in 1816 – believed it was too powerful • Many states opposed the bank also • McCulloch v. Maryland • Several states, including Maryland, passed laws taxing branches of the national bank • McCulloch, cashier of Bank’s branch in Maryland, refused to pay tax • Chief Justice John Marshall = 2 important rulings: • Elastic clause of the constitution allowed Congress to establish the bank • Federal law superior to state law – idea that challenged the principle of states’ rights • Ruling meant that Maryland could not tax or interfere with the bank

25. The 2nd B.U.S. (continued) • Nicholas Biddle (director of the Bank) – pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter in 1832 (instead of 1836 when it expired) • Jackson campaigned strongly for the defeat of this bill • Vetoed legislation to renew the charter • Congress could not get 2/3 majority needed to override veto • Jackson weakened Bank’s power by moving most of its funds to state banks (called pet banks by his opponents) • Many cases, these banks used funds to offer credit to people buying land • Promoted expansion in the West, led to inflation • Summer of 1836, Jackson tried to slow inflation • Ordered Americans to use only gold or silver, instead of bank notes – to buy government owned land • Did not help national economy

26. Van Buren’s Presidency • Jackson popular with voters at the end of his term, but had angered Congress (believed he abused his power) • Whig Party – formed by Jackson’s opponents In 1834 • Supported the idea of a weak president and a strong legislature • Nominated 4 candidates to run for president in 1836 against Martin van Buren (Democrat) – VP for Jackson’s 2nd term (1832) • With Jackson’s support, Van Buren won the election • Panic of 1837 – financial crisis that led to economic depression • Policies of the pet banks and Jackson’s plan to curb inflation helped lead to the panic • Van Buren took the blame for it

27. Van Buren’s Presidency (continued) • 1840 election – Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig) • Harrison – general from Battle of Tippecanoe • Running mate - John Tyler • Campaign slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” • Whigs called Van Buren friend of the rich, claimed Harrison was friend of common people (Harrison actually born to wealthy family) • Whigs’ emphasis on war record and log-cabin roots made Harrison seem similar to Jackson • Harrison won electoral college in a landslide (234 to 60)

28. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 4 Indian Removal

29. The Black Hawk War • Federal government ordered removal of all Indians from Illinois • Black Hawk (Sauk leader) and followers ignored the removal policy – rejected idea of land ownership • White settlers moved into Sauk village while they were away for winter hunt • Black Hawk and followers refused to be pushed out • U.S. troops fired on them even though they were waving white flag • Indian groups began raiding American settlements and attacking U.S. troops; fought until they ran out of supplies • August 1832 – Black Hawk surrendered, gave up leadership of the Sauk • By 1850, U.S. army had removed American Indians living within the old Northwest Territory

30. The Indian Removal Act • Indian removal also issue in Southeast • President Jackson and other political leaders wanted to open up land stretching from Georgia to Mississippi to American farmers • Indian Removal Act passed in 1820 • Authorized the removal of American Indians who lived east of the Mississippi • Indian Territory – established by Congress as new Indian homeland – most of what is now Oklahoma • Bureau of Indian Affairs – approved by Congress to oversee federal policy toward American Indians • Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek signed by Choctaw leaders after Mississippi legislature abolished their government • Gave more than 7.5 million acres of land to the state • Choctaw were the first sent – trip was disastrous, not enough food or supplies • Forced removal of Creek from lands in Alabama • Chickasaw of Mississippi moved winter of 1837 – 1838

31. The Cherokee Nation • Many Cherokee believed they could prevent conflicts with settlers by adopting the culture of white people • Invited missionary societies to form schools in their towns – children learned how to read and write English • Sequoya developed writing system that used 86 characters to represent Cherokee symbols • Began publishing a newspaper, Cherokee Phoenix – printed in both English and Cherokee • Created a government inspired by the U.S. Constitution • Election system, bicameral council, and court system • John Ross, successful plantation owner, first principal chief

32. The Trail of Tears • Gold discovered on Cherokee lands in Georgia, treaty rights ignored • Cherokee refused to move, Georgia militia began attacking towns • Tribe sued the state saying that they were an independent nation, and that the government of Georgia had no legal power within their territory • Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, agreed in the case Worcester v. Georgia • Only the federal government, not the states, had authority over the Cherokee • Declared Georgia’s actions illegal • Georgia ignored Court’s ruling, President Jackson took no action– “John Marshall has made his decision, let him enforce it!” • Spring of 1838, U.S. troops began to remove all Cherokee to Indian Territory • Georgia took businesses, farms and property • Trail of Tears – 800-mile forced march 1838 to 1839; almost one-fourth died

33. The Second Seminole War • Seminole leaders forced to sign treaty promising to leave Florida within three years (1832) • Also agreed that any Seminole of African ancestry would be considered a runaway slave • Worried them because many escaped slaves had become accepted as family members • Seminole ignored the treaty and refused to leave • Leader named Osceola called upon Seminole to resist removal by force • Followers agreed, beginning Second Seminole War • 1837, U.S. forces captured Osceola (died in prison); 1842, U.S. army captured or removed approx. 4000 Seminole • After spending millions of dollars, U.S. officials decided to give up the fight

34. Chapter 12A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 5 American Culture

35. American Tales • One of first American writers to gain international fame was Washington Irving • American history • Humorous; used satire • Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

36. James Fenimore Cooper • Popularized American historical fiction • Best known for writing about the West and American Indians • The Pioneers (1823); The Last of the Mohicans

37. Catharine Maria Sedgwick • Most successful female author of her time; unmarried woman who challenged commonly held ideas about women • Wrote 6 books; ex. A New England Tale, Hope Leslie and Married or Single?

38. A New Style of Art • Landscapes showing history of American and beauty of land • Hudson River school – group of artists who primarily painted landscapes; Hudson River valley = subject of many of their paintings • Leader = Thomas Cole