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Modern Mexico: an overview and the Bourbon “Revolution in Government ”

Modern Mexico: an overview and the Bourbon “Revolution in Government ”. Guy Thomson, Room H338 g.p.c.thomson@warwick.ac.uk. Lecture plan. Mexico and Mexican History: where we are going Bourbon New Spain. Useful texts . Brian Hamnett , A Concise History of Mexico

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Modern Mexico: an overview and the Bourbon “Revolution in Government ”

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  1. Modern Mexico: an overview and the Bourbon “Revolution in Government” Guy Thomson, Room H338 g.p.c.thomson@warwick.ac.uk

  2. Lecture plan Mexico and Mexican History: where we are going Bourbon New Spain

  3. Useful texts Brian Hamnett, A Concise History of Mexico Gilbert Joseph and Timothy Henderson (eds), The Mexico Reader: History, Culture and Politics (Duke, 2002) Other good general histories: Michael Meyer and William L. Sherman, The Course of Mexican History (numerous re-editions) Michael Meyer and William Beezley, The Oxford History of Mexico (OUP, 2000) For the 19th C: Mark Wasserman, Everyday Life and Politics in 19th Century Mexico: Men, Women and War (2000)

  4. Other sources Website for maps of : http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/mexico_states_today.htm AM208 Library Course Extracts   http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/main/electronicresources/extracts/am/am208

  5. Mexico and Mexican History • “Many Mexicos” (Lesley Byrd Simpson, Many Mexicos, (1942): • vast empty spaces & distances between settlements, mountains, climates, peoples.... Hence, Mexico, like US and Canada, was naturally federalist • Yet, strong central tradition (“Fuera de Mexico todoesCuautitlán”) : Toltecs, Aztecs, Spanish, Conservatives/Monarchists, PRI.... • Mexican history is a dialogue – often violent - between Centre and Regions. Current war on Narcos most recent phase of this.

  6. Relief Map of Mexico

  7. Periodisation(Hamnett’s) • 1519-1821, Kingdom of New Spain. RC Church, State, Settlers, Indians & Slaves build Spanish colonial order : Veracruz-Mexico City-Acapulco commercial axis with roads (caminosreales) to tierradentro (to mines and bolsones – pockets - of colonisation such as Guadalajara). Mines were the motor, yet complex, dynamic, baroque society emerged • 1770-1867 Destabilisation and Fragmentation of Colonial Order – late colonial boom, wars of independence... civil and foreign wars ....economic decline...territorial dismemberment ....La Reforma....2nd Empire and its defeat... • 1867-1940 Reconstruction: rise of Liberal Party, economic modernisation/open door to US, Revolution of 1910-1919 prompted re-adjustment to Liberal model, cultural and economic nationalism, anticlericalism and corporatism.

  8. Periodisation • 1940-2000, Rule through Monopoly Party (PRI= PartidoRevolucionarioInstitucional), facing challenge after 1968 student massacre & from social movements intensifying with neo-liberal turn after 1983 (the second “oil crisis”) • 2000- ? , PAN (= Partido de AccionNacional) & Disintegration, decentralisation and revived Federalism (passing the buck) mirrored by Narco-regionalism.....

  9. Regions you will need to know - The North until Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 (thereafter “greater Mexico”) Texas, New Mexico, New California. • The North post 1848: Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi • North-West Centre: Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán • Bajío: Aguascalientes, Guanajuato & Querétaro • Centre: Mexico, Morelos, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz • The South: Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Yucatan, Campeche & Chiapas

  10. Three historical stuggles • Spanish/Catholic/Corporate heritage /(M’s first modernisation) versusLiberalism/secularism/individualism (M’s second modernisation)......neither triumph • Imperialism/Informal imperialism (Spain, GB, US) : external field of power: invasions, interventions, US “peaceful annexation”, neo-liberalism (Museo de la Intervenciones in Conventode Churubusco)...is Mexico still a colony ? • Colonialism/post-colonialism: continuing internalcivilising mission under republicanism & Liberal constitutionalism: the 19th C fear of “Caste War”, Nationalism, indigenismo and the Mexican revolution: for whom ? 1980s: voice of the “subaltern”, multi-culturalism, respect for “usos y costumbres” .... a success ?

  11. CartaEtnográfica de México, Antonio GarcíaCubas, 1854

  12. Bourbon New Spain 1700-1821 • Turning point:1700-12 War of Spanish Succession: Change of Dynasty and Style/Substance of Government: David Brading, Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico Ch 1“Revolution in Government” : • Habsburg New Spain 1519-1700 (Charles V 1516-1556) : Corporative, separate autonomous spheres, monarch as symbol of justice • Bourbon New Spain 1700-1821 (1700-1746 Phillip V, Charles III Naples 1734-59, Spain 1759-1788): enlightened despotism, centralisation, rationalisation, secularisation, economic liberalism.... • Independent Mexico inherited Bourbon project: “moderado” Liberalism, (Conservativism after 1847)

  13. “Defensive Modernisation” • Bourbon “Defensive Modernisation” : American wealth would reverse Spain’s decline, Creoles and Habsburg corporations – Creole elite, Creole towns, Church, Indian communities – seen as too powerful. • Creoles removed from Audiencias (executive courts): sale of office abolished ... • Provinces become Intendancies: Creole autonomy (cabildos/town councils) challenged by active Intendants (basis for later federalism, Creoles re-asserting provincial control)

  14. “Defensive Modernisation” • Defence of the Northern frontier: colonisation via missions, presidios (forts) and military colonies (project continues after 1821) • Provincial Militias: creoles compensated for loss of power with ranks and uniforms (basis for later militarisation of politics) • Church & State: secularisation of religious orders (expulsion of Jesuits in 1767), reform of liturgy (fewer festivals) and assault on popular religion, enlightened bishops and liberal Catholicism....project continues until mid-19th C (Mexico between 1821 & 1857 was officially a “Catholic Nation”)

  15. “Defensive Modernisation” • Economic & Intellectual Reforms: Academies, learned Societies (Sociedadesde Amigos del Pais) freer thought and freer trade: Creoles also benefit.... • Indian communities reformed: abolition of “repartimientos” (forced trade)1785, Indian nobility down-pegged/commoners promoted, secular schooling, • Consequences: economic boom....Mexico’s 2nd Silver Age, Alexander Von Humbodt, A Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain (1804, 5 Vols.)

  16. 1808 Imperial Crisis • While Mexico prospered, Spain and its empire entered a crisis... • Arose from Spain’s Alliance with France 1776-1808 & Wars with GB resulting bankruptcy of the Spanish state and military defeat at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805 • Spain’s subsequent shift to alliance with Britain prompted Napoleon’s invasion in 1808 and capture of Spanish king • 2 May 1808 Madrid uprising against the French accompanied by formation of anti-French juntas throughout the Empire ...

  17. Insurgency and Independence • 1808-1814, Creoles seek autonomy through the Cortes (parliament) of Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812 • New Spain’s crisis of September 1808 • i)Mexico’s Creoles rally around Viceroy José de Iturrigaray to form a junta to represent Mexico’s provinces • ii)Audiencia and Consulado (merchants’ guild) of Mexico City depose Viceroy • September 16, 1810 , “el Grito de Dolores” : provincial Creoles take up arms behind Miguel Hidalgo: sparks mass uprising...taste of things to come (John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution) • October 22 1814, Congress of Anahuac proclaims Constitution of Apatzingan

  18. Counter-insurgency and Independence • 1814-1820, “Counter-Insurgency” Restoration of absolutism under Ferdinand VII (Mexico’s Creoles lead counter-insurgency) • 1820-21, Liberal revolution in Spain prompts counter-insurgent leader Agustin de Iturbide to proclaim Plan de Iguala and Army of Three Guarantees (Independence, Church and Army, Spaniards and Mexicans) • attracts insurgent chief, Vicente Guerrero by promising restoration of Constitution of 1812

  19. Priests and the Insurgency Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla José María Morelos y Pavón

  20. Emperor Agustínde Iturbide, 1821– July 1824

  21. Vicente Guerrero, 1782-1831

  22. From Empire to Federal Republic, 1821-1824 • Representation: corporate or individual? • Monarchy or Republic ? • Congress confronts President • Provinces confronts Centre • Antonio López de Santa Anna’s Plan de Veracruz. Province’s rise up behind Plan de Casa Mata • Federal Constitution: República de los EstadosUnidos de México (1824)

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