Nixon, Ford and Carter Administrations

Nixon, Ford and Carter Administrations

1968 Election • Democratic candidate: Hubert H. Humphrey (liberal) • Republican candidate: Richard M. Nixon (more conservative) - Nixon won 302 electoral votes and the election

1972 Election • Nixon’s re-election • Ran against George McGovern • Nixon sabotaged his opponents • This is now known as “dirty tricks” • Nixon won by a landslide

Richard Nixon • He was.. -a lawyer -Naval officer in WWII -anti-communist -republican congressman -vice president under Eisenhower -He lost the 1960 Presidential election to JFK • Ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1962

Salt I • First Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty • 5 year agreement that froze number of missiles made • It was between the United States and the Soviet Union

G. Gordon Liddy • Former FBI agent a part of the “Plumbers” - Plumbers is Nixon’s approved organization group to stop government leaks • Involved in Watergate Scandal

Enemies List • List of prominent people who were seen as unsympathetic to the Nixon Administration • List includes - politicians, actors, comedians, etc.

Henry Kissinger • National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Richard Nixon • He admired realpolitik – a policy to make decisions based on maintaining own strength rather than following moral principles

Impeachment • Impeachment is - to charge a public official with wrong doing in office • Congress had begun the process to determine if they should impeach Nixon because of the Watergate. • Nixon resigned before being impeached

Imperial Presidency • Idea that the President should lead the nation by exerting more power than Congress of the Supreme Court

C R E E P • Committee to re-elect the president through legal and illegal methods • Nixon’s funding organization • Actively involved in the Watergate scandal

Deep Throat • Under cover source Bernstein and Woodward used to confirm information on Watergate • Deep Throat’s identity was a mystery up until a few years ago when Mark Felt admitted to being deep throat

Détente • A French word meaning relaxation in tensions • China and Soviet Union both had this type of relationship with the U.S. beginning in the early 70s

Embargo • A ban on Arab countries shipping oil to the United States • This was quite harmful to the economy in the U.S.

Oil Crisis • U.S. oil production declined • OPEC imposed an embargo on U.S. • Used natural gas, meaning less oil concocted • Oil prices rose • Population in America increased • U.S. was very dependent on other country’s oil

James McCord • A suspect of the Watergate break in • Former CIA employee was working on CREEP

H.R. Haldeman • Advertising executive for Nixon’s campaign • Became Chief of Staff for Nixon • One of Nixon’s close friends that he would turn to in troubling times

John Dean • John Dean was the legal counsel to President Nixon. • He was involved in Watergate and his testimony led many people to believe that Nixon was involved in Watergate.

Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward • Two reporters assigned to the Watergate story. • Confirmed their information from their under cover source “Deep Throat” • Linked the break in to the White House

Neil Armstrong • First man to walk on the moon. • Played golf on the moon. • Because he walked on the moon it showed that America was right there with the Soviet Union in the space race.

War Powers Act of 1973 • Passed during the Vietnam War, and Watergate. • Gave a basis of how U.S. troops could enter a war abroad. • It prescribes procedures on consulting, reporting and terminating deployment of U.S. armed forces. • Limited the President's ability to send US troops into combat

Warren Burger • Was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by President Nixon.

Huston Plan • A 43 page report and outline of proposed security operations put together by White House aid Tom Huston. First showed in 1973 during the Watergate scandal. • Legal and Illegal methods to get Nixon reelected and “protect” the U.S.

Watergate • Break in at the Democratic headquarters • Led to Nixon’s downfall • Members of the Executive branch organized political espionage. • People were charged with violation of public trust, bribery, contempt of Congress, and attempted obstruction of justice.

Alexander Butterfield • Deputy assistant to Nixon from 1969-1973. He was a key figure in the Watergate scandal.

August 8, 1974 • Richard Nixon announced his resignation and that he will leave office the next day. • Vice President Gerald Ford would take over the presidency effective noon on August 9th.

Nixon’s personal lawyer Chief Domestic Advisor John Ehrlichman

A lawyer who managed Nixon’s presidential campaigns Nixon asked him to be Attorney General after 1968 election John Mitchell

Inner Circle • Nixon’s informal cabinet of trusted officials • Henry Kissinger, John Ehrlichman, Richard Nixon, H.R. Haldeman

Nixon called for a new partnership between the federal and state governments He did this by appointing more responsibilities to states for the well-being of citizens New Federalism

Nixon named new members of the Supreme Court who were less liberal and harder on the criminals They made the Court more conservative Nixon’s Supreme Court

Nixon meets with leader, Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai to discuss problems and ways to deal with them It was significant because he was the first president to visit the Communist China, and recognize it as “The People’s Republic of China” Nixon’s Visit to China

Nixon meets with Premier Leonid I Brezhnev They negotiated cooperation with space exploration, trade limits, and to limit nuclear arms Nixon’s Visit to USSR

In 1973, Israel and the Arab nations of Egypt and Syria went to war Arab members of OPEC imposed a ban on the shipping of oil to the U.S. because they sided with Israel Oil Embargo

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries As a result of the oil embargo, enforced by OPEC, the prices of foreign oil quadrupled in the U.S. OPEC

Created to eliminate leaks from the White House A group of Nixon-approved government members who broke into the office of Daniel Ellsberg. They hoped to find information on his private life to punish him for leaking the Pentagon Papers Plumbers

Realpolitik Realpolitik: a German term for actual politics

Sam Ervin Headed the senate select committee that investigated Nixon’s role in the Watergate cover-up

9-8-1974 Ford goes on national television and pardons former President Nixon for his actions in Watergate enraging the American people.

Southern Strategy Nixon wanted to win white vote and ensure that he won by stopping busing as a way to desegregate. He restored federal funding to districts that were still segregated.

Spiro Agnew Agnew was the only vice president to resign while under investigation during Watergate.

William H. Rehnquist Served as chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1986 until his death in 2005.

Ford Gerald Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. He was in the US House of Representatives, the Vice President of the US, and the President of the US.

Ford's Response to inflation Ford wanted to replace the confidence in the American public.

1976 Election In the 1976 election Ford would run against Carter. Carter would win by a small margin.

Fall of Saigon • In 1973 President Nixon signed a cease fire agreement ending U.S military involvement in Vietnam • Without American Military aid Saigon was unable to fight off North Vietnamese attacks

Helsinki Accords • President Ford signed the Helsinki accords • It is a series of agreements of European security made at a 1975 summit meeting in Finland. • U.S, Canada, S.U, 30 other European countries pledged to cooperate economically, respect existing national boundaries and promote existing human rights.

Stagflation/ Inflation • Stagflation-Inflation and unemployment both rise, while the economy remained the same. • Inflation- a rise in the level of prices in goods and services. • Carter had trouble controlling inflation without hurting economic growth • Tried to stimulate economy by Government deficit spending to prevent a recession

Carters Background • Southerner, family from rural south • No national political experience • Different from recent predecessors in White House • Graduate of U.S naval academy • Engineer officer on nuclear submarines • Took over family’s peanut farm and warehouse when his father died • Entered politics in 1962

Carter’s Foreign Policy • Support for human rights • Relations with the Soviet Union • Solutions to problems in Middle East

Nixon, Ford and Carter Administrations