Taxonomy

1. Taxonomy

2. CLASSIFICATION Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 • Biologists want to better understand organisms so they organize them. • One tool that they use to do this is classification—the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

3. How classification began… Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics. • Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists.

4. Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 Aristotle’s System • The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification. • He classified all the organisms he knew into two groups: plants and animals.

5. Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 Aristotle’s System • He subdivided plants into three groups, herbs, shrubs, and trees, depending on the size and structure of a plant. • He grouped animals according to various characteristics, including their habitat and physical differences.

6. Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 Aristotle’s System • According to his system, birds, bats, and flying insects are classified together even though they have little in common besides the ability to fly. • As time passed, more organisms were discovered and some did not fit easily into Aristotle’s groups, but many centuries passed before Aristotle’s system was replaced.

7. Carolus Linnaeus (1707‑1778), a Swedish botanist • Linnaeus’s system was based on physical and structural similarities of organisms. He improved the system of naming plants and animals by a two‑word name to identify the genus and species. “binomial nomenclature”

8. Linnaeus’ System Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 • Linnaeus’ showed relationships among organisms. • Eventually, some biologists proposed that structural similarities reflect the evolutionary relationships of species. • This way of organizing organisms is the basis of modern classification systems.

9. Species Scientific Names Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 • Modern classification systems use a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature that Linnaeus developed to identify species. • In this system, the first word identifies the genus of the organism. • A genus (JEE nus) (plural, genera) consists of a group of similar species. • The second word, which sometimes describes a characteristic of the organism, is called the specific epithet.

10. Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449 Species Scientific Names • Thus, the scientific name for each species, referred to as the species name, is a combination of the genus name and specific epithet. Homo sapiens Homo = Genus, sapiens = “wise man”

11. Naming Organisms Why do we need to name organisms? What is the name of this organism? Why do scientists not want to use common names?

12. The common name of many animals can be misleading. Ceylon frogmouth (Batrachostomus moniliger) is a bird. Killer whales (Orcinus orca )are the largest member of the dolphin family.

13. Flying fish (Parezocoetus mesogaster) do not fly, but glide. Seahorse (Hippocampus zosterae) is not a horse, but a fish.

14. Why do scientist not use common names? Confusing – more than one common name Misleading – starfish is not a fish Why use a scientific name? There is only one scientific name Felis concolor

15. Species Scientific Names United States and England- Sparrow Spain – gorrion domestico Holland – huismus Scientific name: Passer domesticus

16. Scientific Name What language is used for the scientific naming? LATIN What are the 2 parts of the scientific name? Genus (Latin for group)species general description exact kind organisms share a major only 1 kind of organism characteristic within a genus

17. Recognizing Relationships Tell me something about each of these organisms. giant saguaro cactus fragrant water lily domestic dog common California mouse three color pansy Carnegiea gigantea Nymphaea odorata Canis familiaris Peromyscus californicus Viola tricolor

18. Genus + speciesnames should be used when referring to an organism.Species name alone is not enough. Drosophila melanogaster is a fruit fly. Thamnophis melanogaster is a garter snake.

19. What is the correct way to write the scientific name? drosophila melanogaster Drosophila melanogaster Drosophilamelanogaster D. melanogaster * Always capitalize the Genus and not the species. Why are scientific names in Latin? • Latin is no longer used in conversation. • It’s tradition. • Universal.

20. Worksheet: Writing the Scientific Names of Animals

21. COMMONNAME GENUS + SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME Human Homo + sapiens Homosapiens Dog Canis + familiaris Canis familiaris Spanish lynx Felis + pardina Felispardina Tiger Panthera + tigris Panthera tigris Jaguar Panthera + onca Panthera onca Leopard Panthera + pardus P. pardus Bullfrog Rana + catesbeiana rana catesbeiana Cameroon Toad Bufo + superciliaris Bufo superciliaris Houston Toad Bufo + houstonensis Bufo houstonensis Nile crocodile Crocodylus + niloticus Crocodylus niloticus Caiman Caiman + crocodilus Caiman crocodilus Jamaican boa Epicrates + subflavus Epicrates subflavus Puerto Rican boa Epicrates + inornatus Epicrates inornatus Jamaican iguana Cyclura + collei Cyclura Collei Mona iguana Cyclura + stejnegeri Cyclura stejnegeri Desert monitor Varanus + griseus Varanus griseus Komodo dragon Varnaus + komodoensis varanus Komodoensis Aquatic box turtle Terrapene + coahuila Terrapene coahuila Peregrine falcon Falco + peregrinus Falco peregrinus Piping plover Charadrius + melodus Charadrius melodus Audouin's gull Larus + audouinii Larus audouinii Relict gull Larus + relictus Larus relictus Tooth cave spiderLeptoneta + myopicaLeptoneta myopica

22. Section 1 Check Question 4 What is the difference between “classification” and “taxonomy?” Answer Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies and names organisms based on their different characteristics.

23. Section 1 Check Question 5 What are the two parts that make up binomial nomenclature? Answer Binomial nomenclature comprises a genus name followed by a specific epithet.