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The SHARE multidisciplinary project  and the atmospheric climate observations at the

An integrated scientific and technological research project devoted to environmental monitoring and climatic studies in mountain regions. The SHARE multidisciplinary project  and the atmospheric climate observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid

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The SHARE multidisciplinary project  and the atmospheric climate observations at the

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  1. An integrated scientific and technological research project devoted to environmental monitoring and climatic studies in mountain regions The SHARE multidisciplinary project  and the atmospheric climate observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid GAW Global Station (5079m asl, Nepal Himalayas) Angela Marinoni P. Bonasoni, E.Vuillermoz, G.Lentini, R. Toffolon, P.Laj, SHARE and NCO-P teams Promoted and managed by Ev-K2-CNR Committee in collaboration with Italian National Research Council 2° Third Pole Environment Workshop KATHMANDU October 26-28, 2010 ICIMOD

  2. Mountains are barometers of climate change. As the world heats up, mountain glaciers — the source of water for many of the world’s river systems and people — are melting at unprecedented rates, while rare plants and animals struggle to survive over ever diminishing areas. Mountain people, already among the world’s most disadvantaged, face greater hardships. Understanding how climate change affects mountains, and learning how to manage and mitigate any negative effects, is vital for all of us, wherever we live. FAO focus on mountains by J Ross and T Hofer The Third Poleregion has gained growing attention due to its significant role in global atmospheric circulation and its sensitivity for providing a first indication of climate changes, and thus is vital for a better understanding of global climate and environmental changes and their impacts and interactions to human activities.

  3. Starting from the role of mountains as primary indicators of climate change, as stated by the UN General Assembly (Sec. Gen. Report – SMD 62/292, 2007), andinternational programs of FAO (focus on mountains) and IGBP (Report 49, 2001): What are the central research objectives? ✔ Responds to the needs and priorities identified by international research institutions for understanding climate change and its impacts. ✔ Aims to provide scientific contribution ensuring long term high quality data by implementing mountain observations. ✔ Provides scientific analyses on climate, atmospheric composition, hydrology and water resources, glaciology, biodiversity, human health and anthropogenic impacts. ✔ Promoting and implementing a climate environment information systemon mountains. ✔ Provides a feasible framework ofadaptation and mitigation strategiesto improve understanding of the effects of climate change on agriculture, biodiversity, health and water resources, and support environmental management policies and decision-making processes in developing countries (UNEP – Bali Strategic Plan).

  4. SHARE promotes the multidisciplinary study of phenomena linked to global change, developing research activities in 6 thematic areas: • WP1 – Scientific Research and Climate • Atmosphere • Glaciology • Energy and hydrological cycles • Limnology • Biodiversity and natural resources • Medicine • WP2 – Technological research and Climate • Development and improvement of systems for the monitoring of atmosphere composition and environment at high altitudes • WP3 – Information System • Development of an integrated Information System to collect information on ongoing monitoring activities in mountain environments (under UNEP/ Mountain Partnership) • WP4 – Capacity building • Technology and know-how transfer. Providing of correct policy advises on environmental field. Increasing of scientific capacity of local technicians and researchers by direct participation in research activities and training courses.

  5. WP1 - Scientific research and climate Urdukas Pakistan 3.926 m Mt. Rwenzori (4700 m, Uganda) With its stations in Europe, Asia and Africa, today SHARE represents Italy’s expert contribution to international integrated scientific projects on the climate and environment, such as: UNEP-ABC, WMO-GAW, GEO, WCRP- GEWEX-CEOP, NASA-AERONET, ILTER, EUSAAR. Mt. Cimone (2165m, Italy) NCO-P (5079m, Nepal) The SHARE network:

  6. Data acquisition and communication systems WP - 2 Technological research SHARE includes a component of technological innovation for the development of climate and atmospheric observations at high altitude and remote mountain areas. HOW the NCO-P works? 96 photovoltaic panels and 120 electric storage cells. Nano-SHARE: a sophisticated technological systemhas been developed to overcome the difficulties often experienced in installing high altitude atmospheric monitoring stations: e.g. extreme conditions, transport, technical issues, such as power supply, data transmission.... In spring 2009 the first prototype of Nano-SHARE was tested in a field campaign along the Himalayan Khumbu Valley and at the NCO-P by EvK2CNR in collaboration with CNR and CNRS.

  7. WP - 3 SHARE Information System An integrated GIS database for environmental data management in the high mountains regions To : RESEARCHERS (optimize their investments, harmonize their databases and improve collaboration) STAKEHOLDERS (access to a simple information system) • Two principal and integrated actions are planned: • a shared database for the collection, management and access to spatial and non spatial data; • a dedicated thematic portal for the access to distributed databases and directly to remote high altitude stations.

  8. WP - 4 Capacity building UNEP close collaboration with SHAREwill strengthen partnership with developing countries, providing scientific knowledge and technological expertise for the climate related studies. The know-how will be available locally and to inter-governmental agencies, providing a technology transfer mechanism and supporting decision-making on the environment. Mechanisms for transferring know-how and technology in the fields of environmental and geophysical sciences have already been activated. On-the-job training is provided to local technicians and researchers so as to create “scientific capacity”, as indicated in Agenda 21. Collaboration with local partners is mandatory within SHARE project, with the aim of a common knowledge growth. Training of local technical staff (Ev-K2-CNR, UNEP).

  9. SHARE Pilot Projects • ABC NCO-P • Paprika • Stelvio • CEOP-HE • CCQQB • Biodiversity • Seed Bank • GARD Khumbu • (Global Alliance Respiratory Disease) • Nano SHARE • Information system

  10. GARD KHUMBU (Global Alliance Respiratory Disease) Indoor air pollution is recognized as a major global public health threat. Approximately half the world’s population and up to 90% of rural household in developing countries use biomass fuels in the form of wood, dung and crop residues often associated with a bad ventilation in the houses, especially in cold mountain areas and in winter. • Khumbu Valley population is a particular sample of population • = no traffic and industry pollution • = very high indoor pollution The population uses biomass fuels for home heating and cooking and many houses have not a chimney.

  11. GARD SURYA • Epidemiologic study • 3 villages located at different altitudes (2600m, 3600m, 4200m) • Total estimated population: 350 MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS Questionnaire Spirometry Exhaled Nitric Oxide Exhaled air condensate (biomarkers) Electrocardiogram Echocardiography Urine samples (inflammation biomarkers) Eyes examination Indoor and outdoor pollution were measured in cooperation with the Kathmandu University. Preliminary results show a high incidence of bronchial obstruction, a low incidence of outdoor pollution, the presence of indoor pollution.

  12. ABC monitoring in the Himalayas:The Nepal Climate Observatory – Pyramid N 27°57' E 86°48' The INDOEX and ABC project results inspired Ev-K2-CNR to fund the monitoring of atmospheric composition in Himalaya - Karakorum with the aim of contributing to the ABC-Asia Project, in collaboration with CNR-ISAC, CNRS-LGGE and NAST. 5079 m asl Tibet NCO-P NCO-P Nepal Bangladesh India Indian Ocean

  13. NCO-P Scientific goals: • To characterize the physical, optical and chemical properties of aerosol particles at a high altitude site in the Himalayas and their variability, • To investigate the origin of particulate matter (anthropogenic/biogenic/dust) and their radiative impact (in particular related to their glacier melting potential), • To contribute to a better understanding of the O3 budget in the area (characterizing the contributions of regional - long range - stratospheric air masses to the O3 variability), • To monitor greenhouse active and ozone-destroying Halocarbon gases.

  14. The NCO-Pyramid in-situ continuous measurements

  15. Averaged PM10 composition at NCO-P 5.4 mg m-3 Carrico et al 2003

  16. 4 years of black carbon concentration [Marinoni et al., ACP, 2010]

  17. black carbon diurnal variations [Bonasoni et al., ACP, 2010] [Marinoni et al., ACP, 2010]

  18. Atmospheric Brown Clouds hot spots in the Himalayas

  19. BC deposition on snow/ice surfaces • Deposition of black carbon is a major driver of glacial retreat in the Hindu-Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan region (ABC Regional assessment, 2008). • Ramanathan and Carmichael report that the impact of BC on melting snow and glaciers may equal the impact of increased atmospheric CO2. • Starting from BC concentrations at NCO-P in pre-monsoon season we estimate: • 26-68 µg Kg-1 BC snow concentration • 2 – 5.2 % snow albedo reduction • 70 – 204 mm (we) runoff increase from a typical Tibetan glacier equal to 24 % of the seasonal runoff [Yasunari et al., ACP, 2010]

  20. Long-range transport of dust and pollution : 12–18 June 2006 Large dust storm blew through the Indus Valley, along the border between Pakistan and India, on June 12, 2006 (NASA - MODIS). The severe heat waves that affected these areas in May 2006, could favor the development of dust storms and increase of pollution levels. Dust storm in the Indus Valley June 12, 2006 In this MODIS picture, the dust heads toward the Himalaya Mountains. 12-18 June 2006 @ NCO Pyramid … blowing along the Himalayas edge, dust air mass mixed with pollution, is pumped into the mountain valleys reaching the NCO-P

  21. 12 – 22June 2006: Long-range transport of pollution and dust during Monsoon Break in the monsoon precipitation

  22. ACUTE POLLUTION EPISODE OF APRIL 2010 ng m-3

  23. 10:46 NST A thick haze is clearly discernible by NCO-P images taken on April 7 during morning and after-noon conditions, testifying the afternoon extension of the ABCs up to the high Himalayass. 16:46 NST

  24. Special Issue Atmospheric Brown Cloud in the Himalayas 9 papers on ACP/ACPD relative to NCO-P data Scientific results: http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/special_issue103.html

  25. World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch NCO-P (PYR) is the 33° GAW WMO Global Station NCO-P

  26. DATA AVAILABILITYhttp://evk2.isac.cnr.it/realtime.html + NRT

  27. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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