1 / 12

H112: Past as Prologue

H112: Past as Prologue . President Wilson’s 14 Points. 1) Open Diplomacy 2) Freedom of the Seas 3) Free trade 4) Disarmament 5) National self-determination 6-13) Territorial Issues 14) League of Nations. Treaty of Versailles. Germany has to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France

aliya
Download Presentation

H112: Past as Prologue

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. H112: Past as Prologue

  2. President Wilson’s 14 Points 1) Open Diplomacy 2) Freedom of the Seas 3) Free trade 4) Disarmament 5) National self-determination 6-13) Territorial Issues 14) League of Nations

  3. Treaty of Versailles • Germany has to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France • Germany has to cede territory to Belgium • Germany has to cede the main part of West Prussia and almost the whole province of Posen to Poland • Germany has to cede all colonies • German General Staff is abolished • Germany is not allowed to have tanks, airplanes, submarines, large warships, and poison gas • Total size of the Germany army is not to exceed 100,000 men • German navy has a maximum of 15,000 men • Germany is allowed a total of 4,000 officers • Germany has to cede to the allies half of all large seagoing ships, a fourth of its fishing fleet, and two fifths of its inland navigation fleet • Germany has to pay £6.6 million in gold

  4. Peace? “This is not peace; it is an Armistice for twenty years.”Ferdinand Foch, Marshall of France and Supreme Allied Commander

  5. Other Treaties Austria – Treaty of St Germain, 10 September 1919 Land – Austria lost land to Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia Reparations – Austria was to pay reparations but went bankrupt Hungary – Treaty of Trianon, 4 June 1920 Land – Hungary lost land to Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia, reducing its size from 283,000 sq km to less than 93,000 sq km and population was reduced from 18.2 million to 7.6 million Bulgaria – Treaty of Neuilly, 27 November 1919 Land – Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia Turkey – Treaty of Sevres, 20 August 1920 Land – Turkey lost land to Greece and the League of Nations took control of all of its Middle East territory

  6. Interwar Period • Germany disarmed, dismembered, vengeful • Democracies exhausted, pacifistic • Soviet Union isolated, preaching world-wide revolution • Unresolved ethnic minorities in eastern Europe • Great Depression, 1929 onward • Myth that only certain armies innovated and learned • Belated, hasty rearmament and innovation • New weapons accomplished little without correct doctrine and experience

  7. Military Revolutions Defined “Its defining feature is that it fundamentally changes the framework of war.” {“They were earthquakes”} “Military revolutions recast society and the state as well as military organizations. They alter the capacity of states to create and project military power” “ . . .uncontrollable, unpredictable, and unforeseeable. . .” “they [who experienced military revolutions] came to recognize the grim face of revolutionary change; they could rarely aspire to do more than hang on and adapt.”

  8. Murray and Knox’s Military Revolutions • Early Modern Rev • Rise of nation-state (ethnic, cultural, political unity) • French Revolution • Mass politics; people-in-arms • Industrial/Managerial Revolution • Mass production; bureaucratization • World War I • Merging of French Rev and Industrial Rev • Nuclear weapons • “Next” Revolution?

  9. Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMA’s) Defined “Revolutions in military affairs require the assembly of a complex mix of tactical, organizational, doctrinal, and technological innovations in order to implement a new conceptual approach to warfare or to a specialized sub-branch of warfare.” “They do appear susceptible to human direction and … military Institutions that are intellectually alert can gain significant advantage”

  10. Western Way of War According to Geoffrey Parker • Technology • Discipline • Aggressive – Decisive victory • Challenge and response – Innovation • System of financing war

  11. Types of War • Limited • Total • Conventional • Unconventional

More Related