Geneva December, 2007

1. World Meteorological OrganizationCatastrophe Reinsurance and Cat Bonds GenevaDecember, 2007

2. Catastrophe Risk From Session 2 Panel Discussion: • Catastrophe Risk: same event affects multiple insureds • Catastrophe Risk is a unique class of risk • Reinsurers provide coverage to insurance companies for exposure to catastrophe risk

3. Exposure to Catastrophe Loss Measuring Exposure to the Insurer • Inventory risks • Location • Construction • Occupancy • Protection • Policy Coverage • Create electronically held data base • Quality control of data inventory • Aggregate risks by exposure and geography • Model impact of catastrophe events on portfolio of properties

4. Modeling Catastrophe Risk Fundamentals of Catastrophe Modeling Catastrophe Modeling is the stochastic simulation of hypothetical events and their affect on an inventory of insured risks.

5. Modeling Catastrophe Risk Source: NOAA/NHC

6. Modeling Catastrophe Risk Source: NOAA/NHC

7. Modeling Catastrophe Risk Hypothetical Example Output Hypothetical Portfolio: • Location: State on the US Gulf of Mexico • Portfolio: 14,915 properties

8. Catastrophe Risk Program Considerations • The buyer is expected to retain risk (retention, deductible): • smaller events • a minimum amount of loss on larger events • function of price of reinsurance, cost of capital and capital strength • Protection to .4% probability of exceedance.

9. Catastrophe Risk Program Hypothetical Program Structure $117.1 million xs $1.8 million, structured as follows:

10. Catastrophe Risk Program Outline Sample Agreement Reinsured: Hypothetical Insurance Company Coverage: Property losses arising from a single Event. Type: Indemnity Excess of Loss Period: 12 months 1 January 200Q – 31 December 200Q Layer: Layer IV Limit: Up to US$32,800,000 UNL excess of US$86,100,000 UNL. Premium: US$xx,xxx,xxx Other Conditions: Definition of Event Definition of UNL Exclusions etc.

11. Capital Markets View Hypothetical Program – Layer 4 Cat Bond

12. Capital Markets View Capital Markets convert physical catastrophe risk into financial risk of default: insurance linked investment risk. If reinsurance market premium for risk equals or exceeds capital markets charge for default risk the catastrophe-insurance-linked security will attract investor interest. Complicating factors: • Value added of capital markets • Credit strength (collateral) • Risk transfer trigger • Diversification value of insurance-linked risk • ILS not tied up with sub-prime crisis

13. Capital Markets View Transfer of Catastrophe Risk

14. Cat Bonds Source: Willis Capital Markets Dislocation in reinsurance market post 2004 and 2005 storms created conditions for increased investment in insurance-linked securities. Cat bonds (ILS-investments) are now generally accepted asset class, managed as risk portfolios rather than as arbitrage opportunities. Cat bonds bring outside capital to support insurance risk.

15. Cat Bonds Characteristics of Cat Bonds • Trigger Mechanisms • Indemnity • Modeled Loss • Index Based • - Loss Indices (e.g. PCS, Swiss Re Sigma) • - Parametric (e.g. Saffir-Simpson Scale, wind speed) • All triggers based on modeling.

16. Cat Bonds Parametric Triggers and Financing Public Relief • Parametric Triggers can be utilized flexibly • Pay on the event • Can be utilized in non-insurance and insurance formats • Create opportunity for financing in the wake of catastrophe event • Investor markets accept parametric triggers • underlying data sufficiently robust • accurate, reliable and prompt reporting • recognized index • Critical Issue: establishing in advance the financial support required in wake of event

17. Meteorological Services and Cat Risk • Public Safety • Warnings • Prediction • Financing of Public Relief • Commercial • Modeling of storms and storm damage • Capital adequacy of financial institutions • Climatology of Extreme Events • Long term improvement of international data base • Short term issues: • attenuation of storms after landfall • storm behavior at sea • storm related flood risk Importance of Meteorological Data

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