1 / 18

Purpose of military institutions

Purpose of military institutions. Application of force in pursuit of state policy. Types of military service. Full-time permanent Regular army Part-time permanent Militia, national guard, reserves Full-time temporary Conscription, volunteers

alka
Download Presentation

Purpose of military institutions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Purpose of military institutions • Application of force in pursuit of state policy

  2. Types of military service • Full-time permanent • Regular army • Part-time permanent • Militia, national guard, reserves • Full-time temporary • Conscription, volunteers • Militia, national guard, reserves called up for full-time service

  3. Functions of military organizations • Fight wars • “Minor” external applications of force • raids, “interventions,” etc. • Guard frontiers (sea lanes) • Suppress domestic strife • Emergency response • Occupy territory

  4. Largest occupation duty by U.S. forces prior to Twentieth Century? • The South during Reconstruction

  5. U.S. Army in May 1865 • Over 1,000,000 men • Vast majority volunteers

  6. Post-Civil War army size • Volunteers • Only 11,000 in November 1866. • Almost all discharged by November 1867. • Regular Army • Size authorized at 54,000 in July 1866. • Reductions in 1869 & 1876, latter established army at 27,000.

  7. Efforts at Reconstruction prior to the war’s end • Military governors for occupied states. • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedman’s Bureau), established in March 1865. • Staffed primarily by Army officers • Large peace-time expansion of federal power

  8. 1865-68: The Fight over Reconstruction • President Andrew Johnson takes a lenient view towards Reconstruction. • Regards it as a Presidential prerogative.

  9. The Congress reacts • Republicans upset about Johnson’s policies and Southern actions. • Conflicts between the Republican-controlled Congress and Johnson escalate. • In 1867, Congress passes bills over Presidential veto to wrench control over Reconstruction away from the President.

  10. The Reconstruction Acts:Military Provisions • 10 unreconstructed Southern states divided into 5 military districts. • Each district commanded by a general with US Army units at his disposal. • State governments subordinated to district commander. • District commanders responsible for registering voters, appointing/removing officials, overseeing elections and court proceedings. • Commanders not responsible to U.S. civil officers.

  11. Other 1867 acts passed over Johnson’s veto • Command of the Army Act • Tenure of Office Act

  12. Congressional Reconstruction: Army oversees readmission of states to the Union • 1868: AL, AR, FL, LA, NC, SC all adopt new state constitutions, install Republican governments, ratify 14th Amendment. • 17,000 - 20,000 army troops help keep order during voting process. • 1870: GA, MS, TX, VA admitted in 1870, will also ratify 15th Amendment.

  13. Reconstruction sparks violence • Paramilitary groups form in late 1860’s throughout South to terrorize African- Americans, white Republicans, and other groups assisting freedman • Most infamous: Ku Klux Klan

  14. Initial Response Poor • Violence widespread, beyond capacity individual, unpopular Republican state governments. • Army troop levels reduced further after 1868, to 8,000 by 1871. • After state readmitted to Union, the Army could only act upon request (and at behest) of state civilian officials.

  15. 1870-71 • Congress passes the Enforcement Acts: • Outlaws Klan and similar groups • Allowed President to impose martial law, suspend writ of habeas corpus. • President Grant moved federal cavalry from the plain (and undercover agents) to enforce these acts. • 1872 elections fairly honest.

  16. Commitment to Reconstruction in the North wanes • Northerners weary of sectional strife • Focus on other issues: • Corruption • Development of the West • Economic depression of 1873-76

  17. Southern Conservatives gain power in more states • After 1872, Grant administration weakly pursues efforts to combat political violence. • Southern conservatives become more discriminating in uses of coercion. • By 1876, Reconstruction governments remain only in FL, GA & SC – all with significant concentrations of federal troops.

  18. Compromise of 1877 • Results of 1876 presidential election contested. • Resolution: Democrats recognize Rutherford Hayes as victor. • The price: end of Reconstruction.

More Related