Planes, trains and automobiles managing the environmental challenge

1. Planes, trains and automobiles � managing the environmental challenge Philip Nalpanis MIRM, DNV Suk Rathore, DNV The University of Warwick, 23rd September 2009 PhilPhil

2. Workshop Format Presentation with discussion Numbers exercise Wrap-up discussion Phil (Numbers exercise in middle of presentation and discussion) Tell us your name and what you�re hoping to get out of this workshop?Phil (Numbers exercise in middle of presentation and discussion) Tell us your name and what you�re hoping to get out of this workshop?

3. The climate challenge Climate change is happening faster than was expected It is no exaggeration to say that we are facing a climate emergency. Addressing this emergency will require changes on a scale we have never undertaken as a human society Phil Phil

4. The climate challenge Climate change is happening faster than was expected It is no exaggeration to say that we are facing a climate emergency Addressing this emergency will require changes on a scale we have never undertaken as a human society Phil Phil

5. The environmental challenges of transport What are the environmental challenges of transport? CO2 � best-known GHG (greenhouse gas) � climate-changing Other GHG (methane, N2O, PFC, SF6, HFC) Air Pollutants (NOx, PM10) � harmful health effects Impact on water quality Noise Congestion � roads including at airports Phil N2O = nitrous oxide PFC = perfluorocarbon SF6 = sulphur hexafluoride HFC = hydrofluorocarbons NOx = nitrogen oxides PM10 = sub 10 micron particles: respirablePhil N2O = nitrous oxide PFC = perfluorocarbon SF6 = sulphur hexafluoride HFC = hydrofluorocarbons NOx = nitrogen oxides PM10 = sub 10 micron particles: respirable

6. The environmental challenges of transport The challenges from the transport sector are growing fast: The single biggest environmental challenge is probably that of �Greenhouse Gas Emissions� Mainly focus on CO2 from business activities for this workshop Phil Figures mainly from DfT 15%/25% - all forms of transport 80% - �business as normal�, i.e. no action to curb emissions apart from improved efficiency for economic reasonsPhil Figures mainly from DfT 15%/25% - all forms of transport 80% - �business as normal�, i.e. no action to curb emissions apart from improved efficiency for economic reasons

7. Environmentally sustainable transport What do we mean by �Environmentally sustainable transport�? It�s about being able to perform our day-to-day activities whilst minimizing the impact on the environment PhilPhil

8. Environmentally sustainable transport What steps can we take to manage transport systems to promote their environmental sustainability? Reduce air, noise and water pollution from rail, road, marine and aviation sources by: �What you can�t measure, you can�t manage� Increasing the efficiency of current transportation systems Purchasing a more fuel-efficient car and keep it well-maintained Reducing the number and length of car trips, and avoiding peak-hours Increasing the use of public transport, cycling and walking and reduce use of private motor vehicles PhilPhil

9. Carbon footprint What is a carbon footprint? The term �carbon footprint� is commonly used to describe the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for which an individual or organization is responsible. Footprints can also be calculated for events or products. Carbon Footprinting, Carbon Trust, 2007 CO2 and other GHG are emitted through the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) PhilPhil

10. Carbon footprint Why calculate a carbon footprint? 2 main reasons are to: Manage the footprint and reduce emissions over time Report the footprint accurately to a third-party Phil Calculating the carbon footprint can be an effective tool for ongoing energy & environmental management so ways of reducing can be identified and prioritised i.e. what savings are greatest � may be cost savings as well as GHG reduction Accurate reporting 1) CSR or marketing purposes 2) fulfil request from business customers or investors 3) ascertain level of emissions needed to offset in order to become �carbon-neutral�.Phil Calculating the carbon footprint can be an effective tool for ongoing energy & environmental management so ways of reducing can be identified and prioritised i.e. what savings are greatest � may be cost savings as well as GHG reduction Accurate reporting 1) CSR or marketing purposes 2) fulfil request from business customers or investors 3) ascertain level of emissions needed to offset in order to become �carbon-neutral�.

11. Carbon footprint: sources of CO2 What, typically, are the sources of CO2 emission from an organization�s business activity? Onsite fuel usage (direct) Onsite electricity usage Use of transport Staff & contractors Raw materials in Goods out Supply chain Downstream use Downstream waste processing PhilPhil

12. Carbon footprint � how we can make a difference� We can ALL do something to use carbon energy more efficiently Phil Source: Guardian, 01/09/09 Clothing � production using natural fibres Food � livestock + fertilisersPhil Source: Guardian, 01/09/09 Clothing � production using natural fibres Food � livestock + fertilisers

13. Carbon footprint � how we can make a difference� Some interesting energy saving comparisons are: PhilPhil

14. How we travel makes a difference� Transportation options ranked by GHG emissions: (note that rankings vary depending on vehicle type and occupancy) Phil Sightline Institute: Seattle based research & communication centre involved in issues pertaining to sustainable environmentsPhil Sightline Institute: Seattle based research & communication centre involved in issues pertaining to sustainable environments

15. Calculating a carbon footprint The carbon footprint from using a mode of transport can be calculated using: Carbon footprint (tCO2e or tCO2) = Distance travelled � Emission Factor The Emission Factor enables a conversion to be made from a measure of energy (or equivalent) to the amount of carbon dioxide emissions that will result. It is specific to the mode of transport used. SukSuk

16. Simple numerical exercise: Calculate the carbon footprint to get from London Bridge Station to Paris Gare du Nord for each of the following principal modes of transport: Flying Eurostar Car and ferry Car Le-shuttle Calculating a carbon footprint Suk Purpose of exercise: See recognized methodology to calculate CF for transport Compare modes for realistic example Note that CF calculation may need to include >1 mode, e.g. reaching an airport to catch a flight � need to calculate CF combining all modes for journey Appreciate where largest contributions come from Have hard data on which to base decision on how to reduce CFSuk Purpose of exercise: See recognized methodology to calculate CF for transport Compare modes for realistic example Note that CF calculation may need to include >1 mode, e.g. reaching an airport to catch a flight � need to calculate CF combining all modes for journey Appreciate where largest contributions come from Have hard data on which to base decision on how to reduce CF

17. Managing CO2 emissions and noise in the aviation industry Suk Aviation�s impact on the environment falls into 2 main categories � noise and emissions. Air travel is now the fastest contributor to global warming. Air transport industry is a global business encompassing; airline operators, aircraft, manufacturers, fuel suppliers, ATC etc. Noise: Aviation noise if unwanted noise generated by aircraft � and is a serious and growing problem in the UK. Night flights are a particular controversial aspect of aviation noise. Civil Aviation Act 1982 set out provisions for controlling noise at larger airports in UK (heathrow, gatwick, stansted) Today�s aircraft are typically 75% quieter than jets in 1960s and EU regulation of aviation noise has focussed on improving engine technology.Suk Aviation�s impact on the environment falls into 2 main categories � noise and emissions. Air travel is now the fastest contributor to global warming. Air transport industry is a global business encompassing; airline operators, aircraft, manufacturers, fuel suppliers, ATC etc. Noise: Aviation noise if unwanted noise generated by aircraft � and is a serious and growing problem in the UK. Night flights are a particular controversial aspect of aviation noise. Civil Aviation Act 1982 set out provisions for controlling noise at larger airports in UK (heathrow, gatwick, stansted) Today�s aircraft are typically 75% quieter than jets in 1960s and EU regulation of aviation noise has focussed on improving engine technology.

18. Aviation: climate change facts & targets Effectively addressing climate change is a top priority for the aviation sector The Facts: Aviation activities currently account for about 2 � 5% of total GHG emissions Civil aviation is growing rapidly at about 6% per year, so emissions growth is expected to continue In respect of international aviation, aggregate carbon dioxide emissions have grown very substantially, by approximately 75% since 1995 Suk Aviation: 2% of global CO2 emissions - of which Europe accounts for 0.5% (source: ERA).Suk Aviation: 2% of global CO2 emissions - of which Europe accounts for 0.5% (source: ERA).

19. Aviation: climate change facts & targets Effectively addressing climate change is a top priority for the aviation sector The Targets: The commercial aviation industry has agreed to 3 sequential targets: 1.5% average annual improvement in fuel efficiency between now and 2020 Carbon-neutral growth by 2020 A 50% absolute reduction in aviation�s emissions by 2050 compared with 2005 Carbon-neutral: commonly accepted terminology for something to have met �zero emissions. But because there are some greenhouse emissions, it usually necessary to use �carbon offsets� to achieve neutrality. Carbon-offsets: are emission reductions made somewhere else and are then sold to entity to reduce its impact in order to become carbon neutral.Carbon-neutral: commonly accepted terminology for something to have met �zero emissions. But because there are some greenhouse emissions, it usually necessary to use �carbon offsets� to achieve neutrality. Carbon-offsets: are emission reductions made somewhere else and are then sold to entity to reduce its impact in order to become carbon neutral.

20. Aircraft emissions are tough to calculate because there are a lot of variables to take into account There are a number of factors that need to be considered when calculating carbon emissions for aviation travel on a per person basis These include: Aircraft model Flight profile and distance Cargo on passenger flights Seat occupancy rate (load factor) Seat class Aviation: impact on climate change on a per-person basis Suk Aircraft model: Fuel consumption varies by aircraft model and engine type Aircraft fuel efficiency has improved steadily over the years through weight reduction, better aerodynamics and engine design but still a large number of less fuel-efficient aircraft remain in service. Aircraft fuel efficiency has improved by some 50% over the past 30%. Flight profile and distance: Aircraft experience different fuel burn rates in various flight profiles � taxi, climb, cruise, approach and landing. Generally, the farther the route, the more fuel burned. However, since take-off / landing demand higher fuel burn rates than level flight, shorter routes can be less efficient (i.e require more fuel per mile). More sophisticated approach landings involve �Continuous Descent Approaches� � reduces fuel burn � decreasing emissions and significantly reduces noise around the airport. Cargo on passenger flights: In addition to the aircraft�s weight and fuel it carries, the aircraft payload includes passengers and their items and �cargo�. Cargo on passenger aircraft includes freight and mail and this needs to be accounted for in calculating the flight�s associated GHG emissions. Seat occupancy rate (load factor): Not all flights take-off 100% occupied. Aircraft use less fuel per passenger the more passengers there are on board. Seat occupancy rates have fluctuated over the years; in 1990s it averaged 65%, and in 2006 average load factor was about 80%. Seat class: An all-economy class seat aircraft accommodates the highest number of passengers whereas first/business class seats takes up more space and fit fewer passengers Emissions should be allocated by space (each upper-class passenger is allocated the emissions of economy passengers that could have been seated in the same space) Suk Aircraft model: Fuel consumption varies by aircraft model and engine type Aircraft fuel efficiency has improved steadily over the years through weight reduction, better aerodynamics and engine design but still a large number of less fuel-efficient aircraft remain in service. Aircraft fuel efficiency has improved by some 50% over the past 30%. Flight profile and distance: Aircraft experience different fuel burn rates in various flight profiles � taxi, climb, cruise, approach and landing. Generally, the farther the route, the more fuel burned. However, since take-off / landing demand higher fuel burn rates than level flight, shorter routes can be less efficient (i.e require more fuel per mile). More sophisticated approach landings involve �Continuous Descent Approaches� � reduces fuel burn � decreasing emissions and significantly reduces noise around the airport. Cargo on passenger flights: In addition to the aircraft�s weight and fuel it carries, the aircraft payload includes passengers and their items and �cargo�. Cargo on passenger aircraft includes freight and mail and this needs to be accounted for in calculating the flight�s associated GHG emissions. Seat occupancy rate (load factor): Not all flights take-off 100% occupied. Aircraft use less fuel per passenger the more passengers there are on board. Seat occupancy rates have fluctuated over the years; in 1990s it averaged 65%, and in 2006 average load factor was about 80%. Seat class: An all-economy class seat aircraft accommodates the highest number of passengers whereas first/business class seats takes up more space and fit fewer passengers Emissions should be allocated by space (each upper-class passenger is allocated the emissions of economy passengers that could have been seated in the same space)

21. Aviation: initiatives to reduce carbon emissions The aviation industry�s 4-pillar strategy to address climate change: Better Technology Improved Operations More efficient infrastructure Positive economic measures SukSuk

22. Airlines: EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) What is the EU ETS ? It is a greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme which aims to limit emissions by imposing progressively lower limits on sources of greenhouse gases All airlines flying into Europe will soon need to show how they intend to disclose their carbon emissions and transport data The airline industry will be included in the European Union (EU) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) from 2012. This will create new challenges in meeting the requirements The EU-ETS Directive will require all aircraft operators flying into or out of any EU airport to participate in the EU ETS SukSuk

23. How can airlines minimize carbon emissions? In the Air� Efficient use of aircraft New aircraft Route structure Fly direct Avoid congested hubs On the Ground� Shorter turnaround times Use less ground equipment Simple airport infrastructure Suk In the Air� Efficient use of aircraft - configured the seating of planes to accommodate more passengers per aircraft, therefore saving fuel on same a/c and route New aircraft � latest technology equipped = cleanest and fuel efficient, minimising environmental impact Route structure (e.g. fly short-haul only) � short-haul flights create significantly less carbon emissions than long-haul Fly direct � avoiding having to land and take-off keeps emissions to a minimum Avoid congested hubs � quick turnarounds, minimal taxing and holding patterns uses less fuel and so emitting less carbon On the Ground� Shorter turnaround times � means that less airport services / infrastructure is needed and so less energy is used on the ground. Use less ground equipment � e.g. avoid using air-bridges, motorised steps so more efficient � keeps emissions minimal Simple airport infrastructure � don�t need expensive energy intensive facilities Suk In the Air� Efficient use of aircraft - configured the seating of planes to accommodate more passengers per aircraft, therefore saving fuel on same a/c and route New aircraft � latest technology equipped = cleanest and fuel efficient, minimising environmental impact Route structure (e.g. fly short-haul only) � short-haul flights create significantly less carbon emissions than long-haul Fly direct � avoiding having to land and take-off keeps emissions to a minimum Avoid congested hubs � quick turnarounds, minimal taxing and holding patterns uses less fuel and so emitting less carbon On the Ground� Shorter turnaround times � means that less airport services / infrastructure is needed and so less energy is used on the ground. Use less ground equipment � e.g. avoid using air-bridges, motorised steps so more efficient � keeps emissions minimal Simple airport infrastructure � don�t need expensive energy intensive facilities

24. Flying: variation in carbon emissions Suk Anyone taking these flights over a year might rack up a carbon footprint totalling more than 35 tonnes. Suk Anyone taking these flights over a year might rack up a carbon footprint totalling more than 35 tonnes.

25. Carbon footprinting in the wider industry Phil Road & railPhil Road & rail

26. Road Did you know? There is one car for every 2 people in the UK Each travels an average of about 9,000 miles a year Emissions are directly related to the amount of fuel you buy Newer smaller cars are about twice as energy-efficient as older, 4-wheel drive vehicles Road sector is the largest source of carbon emissions from transport in the UK PhilPhil

27. Road: climate change facts Carbon emissions from passenger cars have seen a downward trend but those from HGVs have continued to rise Carbon emissions of new cars purchased in the UK have been on a slow gradual downward trend: Penetration of diesels and improvements in fuel efficiency as well as Government & EU policies is reflected in this downward trend Phil �Policies�: coming up (slide 29) Phil �Policies�: coming up (slide 29)

28. Road: CO2 (DfT) forecasting 2000 � 2010: Emissions of carbon from road transport are expected to grow by about 10% Increased levels of traffic will offset improvements in fuel efficiency Phil Slower traffic growth due to: Modal shift Congestion? Ownership saturation?Phil Slower traffic growth due to: Modal shift Congestion? Ownership saturation?

29. Road: initiatives to reduce carbon emissions Initiatives & Government policies: Encourage purchase of more fuel efficient vehicles by increasing cost of petrol/diesel Introduce schemes to incentivise the use of biofuels Provide research & development support for industry-led low carbon vehicle Promote �Eco-driving� programmes A way of driving to reduces fuel consumption, GHG emissions and accidents Several countries have already implemented successful eco-driving programmes

30. Support and encourage development of new technology for improving fuel efficiency and carbon footprint, e.g.: Hybrids (battery recharged from electricity) Fully electric vehicles Generation of biofuels Hydrogen-fuelled vehicles Road: initiatives to reduce carbon emissions Phil Picture is of hybrid bus All-electric vehicles � may be a viable option for consumers who require a car for short urban journeys only but these vehicles do not yet possess the range, size or top speeds likely to make them attractive for the majority of consumers. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies � face a number of technical and cost challenges before they can become commercially viable options for road or other transport modes. Fundamental fuel cell stack performance is not yet able to deliver the required mix of power density, lifetime, cold start and other properties at acceptable cost. Phil Picture is of hybrid bus All-electric vehicles � may be a viable option for consumers who require a car for short urban journeys only but these vehicles do not yet possess the range, size or top speeds likely to make them attractive for the majority of consumers. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies � face a number of technical and cost challenges before they can become commercially viable options for road or other transport modes. Fundamental fuel cell stack performance is not yet able to deliver the required mix of power density, lifetime, cold start and other properties at acceptable cost.

31. Rail: initiatives to reduce carbon emissions In aggregate, passenger rail contributes just 0.5% to total UK CO2 emissions Initiatives under way aimed at further improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions per passenger km from rail include: Regenerative braking (where electric trains return energy to the power supply when braking) Biofuels trials Investigating the scope for energy savings from more efficient driving techniques Taken together, these measures should have a significant impact on the railway�s core energy efficiency Phil However, downside is that modern trains have more powered systems: doors, A/C, displaysPhil However, downside is that modern trains have more powered systems: doors, A/C, displays

32. Managing the environmental impact of transport In your business, how could you reduce CO2 emissions? May be helpful to consider: PhilPhil