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U.S. Imperialism. US Territorial Growth to 1853. During the 1800’s US territory doubled in size Lands acquired after negotiations and bloodshed Growth facilitated western movement, expanded commercial interests and added to nationalism
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US Territorial Growth to 1853 • During the 1800’s US territory doubled in size • Lands acquired after negotiations and bloodshed • Growth facilitated western movement, expanded commercial interests and added to nationalism • Industrial Revolution created interest in overseas markets • Desire for political and economic expansion led to growing involvement in Latin America and Pacific Islands (Hawaii and Samoa) • Eventually led to war with Spain
Cuban Revolutionaries • Cuba was Spanish colony • America had significant economic ties to Cuba • Had invested money there since before Civil War – mainly in Sugar Plantations • Cuban hatred of Spanish and falling sugar prices led to a revolt.
Remember the Maine… To Hell with Spain • Battleship Maine sat in Havana Harbor in Cuba in January 1898 – Sent by McKinley as “courtesy and goodwill” visit • February 15 explosion destroys the USS Maine killing 260 sailors • No conclusive evidence as to who sunk the Maine • In all likelihood the explosion was an accident
Yellow Journalism • Journalism in which reporters intentionally stir up emotions of the reader (and sells more newspapers) without much attention paid to facts is called “Yellow Journalism” • Raised Anti-Spanish sentiment • Repeated calls for US intervention in Cuba
Editorial About the Maine “To five hundred thousand Cubans starved or otherwise murdered have been added an American battleship and three hundred American sailors lost as the direct result of the dilatory[slow] policy of our government toward Spain. If we had stopped the war in Cuba when duty and policy alike urged us to do [,] the Maine would have been afloat today… “It was an accident, they say. Perhaps but… it was an accident of a remarkably convenient kind for Spain. Two days ago we had five battleships in the Atlantic. Today we have four. A few more accidents will leave us at the mercy of the Spanish fleet.” - New York Journal February 17, 1898
Political Cartoon of Spain What do you see in this cartoon? Who is the animal? Why is he leaning on the tombstone? What historical event is this cartoon commenting on? How would you feel about the Spanish? How did this cartoon affect Americans’ attitude toward the Spanish in Cuba?
America and Spain • Despite public outcry and yellow journalism - McKinley initially opposed US military action against Spain • March 1898 proposed cease fire between Spain and Cuban Revolutionaries • Ultimately he bowed to public and political pressure - war broke out with Spain in Philippines on May 1, 1898
War Breaks Out in the Philippines • War began in Philippines NOT Cuba • Battle of Manila - entire Spanish fleet sunk; only one American casualty • Commander Dewey enlisted help of Emilio Aguinaldo to lead an uprising against Spanish forces • Aguinaldo did so under impression that Philippines would be granted independence after Spanish Defeat • Dewey later denied that such assurances were given
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders • Teddy Roosevelt was sent to Cuba - commanded volunteer troops called Rough Riders • Roosevelt and the Rough Riders became symbol of national enthusiasm for the fight against Spain • Became legendary after San Juan Hill
Colored Calvary Fights in Cuba • Fighting Units during the Spanish American War were segregated • 9th and 10th Colored Cavalries fought at San Juan Hill but did not receive the notice of the Rough Riders
Spanish American War Political Cartoon • What is happening in this cartoon? • Who is the father? • Who are the children? • What was the artists intended message? • Does he support or denounce imperialism? • Do you see any racial stereotypes?
U.S. After Spanish American War • Secretary of State John Hay called the war a “splendid little war” • Platt Amendment - limited Cuban foreign interaction, gave US right to establish naval station on island and send troops if necessary • Peace treaty signed on December 10, 1898 (Treaty of Paris) US acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. • Cuban granted independence in treaty.
US in Caribbean and Latin America • Following the Spanish American War US became a world power and gained new territories • In early 1900’s looked for ways to expand and influence Latin America • Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson all involved themselves in affairs of various countries - but each for different reasons and in different ways
Theodore Roosevelt • VP under McKinley - became president in 1901 following McKinley assassination. Elected in 1904 • Pushed for greater American involvement in foreign affairs • Believed in avoiding conflict whenever possible- always be prepared if it becomes necessary. • Favorite saying - “walk softly and carry a big stick” • “Big Stick” manifested in Roosevelt Corollary.
Roosevelt Corollary • Connected to the Monroe Doctrine • Corollary made US policemen in Latin America • Used as justification for intervention in Dominican Republic, Panama, Cuba, Nicaragua and Honduras in early 1900’s
Political Cartoon • What do you see in this cartoon? • Who is represented by the lion? • What does the flag in his had represent? • Who are the men in the trench? • Why are they so small compared to Uncle Sam? • What is the pillar in the background composed of? Why?
Panama Canal • First attempt to create canal was with France under Ferdinand de Lesseps - gave up after losing 20,000 workers to malaria and yellow fever • Roosevelt negotiated with Britain to gain rights to a canal across Central America. • Roosevelt tried to work out agreement with Columbia. • This failed so Roosevelt led Panamanians in rebel against Columbia.
Panama Canal Continued…. • Construction on Canal started in 1904 • Greatest obstacle to success - Disease • Difficult terrain caused difficulties • Took 10 years and 43,000 workers to complete • 1915 - President Wilson announced opening of Panama Canal • 1921 - US signed treaty with Columbia - officially admitted to questionable means of acquiring canal zone.
Boxer Rebellion • During 1800’s China seen as a limitless market of manufactured goods • China carved into “Spheres of Influence” • In response to carving up of China US formulated the Open Door Policy. • Open Door called for equal commercial opportunity for all nations trading with China and for preservation of China’s independence. • In 1900 Chinese rebels called Boxers tried to drive foreigners out of China.
New Diplomacy • Roosevelt believed that the US had international policy duty - tried to carry out around the world • Since US emergence as a World Power, US had the right to impose its values on weaker countries. • Latin America began to mistrust the US. • In Philippines nationalists had fought with the US to oust Spanish rule. • Had resentment toward US for not allowing Filipino independence.
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • Economic means (protecting American assets) in order to reach diplomatic objectives • Encouraged foreign investments • Substitute dollars for bullets • Nicaragua US supported troops in Revolution, 1909-1920
Woodrow WilsonMoral Diplomacy • Wilson’s father was a Presbyterian minister and Wilson absorbed from him a devout spirit and love of ideas. • Wilson’s Foreign policy very different from his predecessors. • “Moral Diplomacy” negotiation and arbitration in dealing with nations. • Wilson believed in championing democracy through the world, maintaining world peace and securing American interests abroad.
