Notes: Chapter 2.3 Carbon Compounds

1. Notes: Chapter 2.3Carbon Compounds

2. Chemistry of Carbon • Carbon can form four covalent bonds.(tetravalence) • Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons first shell- 2 second shell- 4

3. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring

4. Single Bond • A single bond is signified by a solid line between symbols; shares 2 electrons

5. Double Bond • A double bond is signified by two solid lines between symbols; shares 4 electrons

6. Triple Bond • A triple bond is signified by three solid lines between symbols; shares 6 electrons

7. Macromolecules • Macromolecules are “Giant molecules” • Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers (large molecules of repeating units – monomers- bonded together by covalent bonds. Macromolecules Macromolecules are “Giant molecules” Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers This process is called Polymerization.

8. Macromolecules • The process of bonding monomers together is called polymerization Macromolecules Macromolecules are “Giant molecules” Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers This process is called Polymerization.

9. Dehydration Reaction • Monomers are connected by a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded together through the loss of a water molecule.

10. Hydrolysis • Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to break off a monomer involves the breaking a water molecule and inserting its pieces.

11. Types of macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

12. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.

13. Carbohydrates • Composition: made of C, H and O atoms, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio • Monomer- monosaccharide • Polymer – polysaccharide • Uses: Main source of energy for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.

14. Carbohydrates • Examples • Sugars (Saccharides) • Monosaccharide = simple sugar molecule • Disaccharide = two monosaccharides bonded together with a glycosidic linkage

15. Carbohydrates • Starches: Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) that store extra sugar • In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural is called chitin • Chitin is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.

16. Carbohydrates 2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called cellulose • Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells. • Humans cannot breakdown cellulose during digestion. • Known as “insoluble fiber”

17. Lipids 1.Composition: C, H, O. More C and H and a few O 2. Subunits: glycerol (“head”) and fatty acids (long carbon chain that makes up the “tail”) Glycerol Fatty Acid

18. Lipids 3. Not soluble in water – non-polar 4. Function: energy storage, main part of cell membrane, hormones, cushions vital organs and insulates the body 5. Examples: fats (3 fatty acid chains), phosopholipids (2 fatty acid chains), oils, waxes, steroids (hormones), cholesterol

19. Lipids have several different functions. • broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • used to make hormones

20. Lipids 6. Types of fatty acids: a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature, C=C bonds • The double bond creates a kink in the tails that keeps them from packing closely together. • Example: Olive oil Double bond

21. Lipids b. Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are solids at room temperature, no C=C bonds • Example: Shortening, butter

22. Types of Lipids Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms Unsaturated = at least on C = C double bond lipid lipid

23. Proteins • Composition: C, H, O, N • Function: • Structure • Storage • transport of other substances • movement • Immunity • Regulate Metabolism • Catalyze reactions (make them happen)

24. Proteins • Made of monomers called amino acids that are linked together to form a chain • 20 different types of amino acids • All have the same general structure Draw this in your notes! Label!! Carboxyl Group

25. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

26. Some Amino Acids… Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

28. 4 Levels of StructurePrimary • Unique sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain • Changing the order of even 1 A.A. changes the shape and ability to function.

29. Secondary • α- helix OR β- pleated sheet • Repeatedly coiled or folded portions of the polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the backbone.

30. Tertiary c. 3D structure, interactions along different parts of the amino acid chain • This creates regions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc) within the protein.

31. Quarternary • Occurs when a protein consists of 2 or more polypeptide chains.

32. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

33. Nucleic Acids • Composition: C, H, O, N, P • Function: Store and transmit genetic information by determining the amino acid sequence in proteins • Two types • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid)

34. Nucleotide • Made of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts • 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

35. Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain