Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry Chapter 22

Organic Compounds • All organic compounds contain CARBON. • However, not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic. • Examples: carbonates and oxides are excluded.

Carbon-Carbon bonding • Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to form long changes and rings of covalently bonded atoms. • Can be linked in single, double, or triple bonds.

Carbon bonding to other elements. • Hydrocarbons-compounds that consist of only hydrogen and carbon. The simplest of the organic compounds • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Sulfur • Any Halogen

Arrangement of Atoms • Due to the bonding capabilities of carbon, many arrangements of atoms can be formed. • This effects their properties. They will be completely different. • These are called isomers. • Example: ethanol and dimethly

Structural Formulas • We use structural formulas to represent organic compounds. • One line-single bond • Two lines- double bond • Three lines- triple bond • Structural Isomers- just the structure form for the two compounds containing the same elements. • Geometric Isomers- cis=same sideand trans-opposite side

Historical Cemistry • Read page 715

Hydrocarbons • Contain only carbon and hydrogen • Prefix # of Carbons Alkyl group name • meth 1 methyl • Eth 2 ethyl • Prop 3 propyl • But 4 butyl • Pent 5 pentyl • Hex 6 heptyl • Hept 7 heptyl • Oct 8 octyl • Non 9 nonyl • Dec 10 decyl

Alkanes-Saturated Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds. • Use prefixes to name. Prefix ending in ___ane. • Count the number of C’s • If arranged in a ring or cyclic stucture • Cyclo…prefix…ane • Branched-Chain • Use the longest chain of C’s • Look at naming on page 721 • CnH2n+2 where n is the number of C’s • This can be used to write formulas

Properties and Uses of Alkanes • Look and table 5 on page 722 • Most alkanes exist at room temperature (those that have the lowest molar mass are gases) • Natural Gas is a fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon containing from one to 4 carbon chains. • Gasoline and Kerosene are mostly liquid alkanes. • Paraffin wax-solid alkanes • Petroleum- one to 50 carbon’s. Different carbons represent different properties and boiling points. Look at table 6

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons • All of the carbons do not have 4 single bonds • Alkenes- double bonds • CnH2n • Rules for naming page 725 • Alkynes-triple bonds • CnH2n-2 or CnHn • Rules for naming page 728 • Common name for ethyne is acetylene which is used in welding torches

Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Six membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons. • Benzene is the primary aromatic hydrocarbon. • C6H6 • Doesn’t behave like alkene’s • Look on page 729 for an example of aromatic hydrocarbons

Functional groups • An atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound • A given functional group undergoes the same types of chemical reactions in every molecule in which it is found. • Table 9 on page 731 shows the most common functional groups.

Alcohols • Used in cold creams, lipsticks, body lotions, alternative fuels, octane enhancers, etc… not just beverages. • Not always so good in fuels because the presence of ethanol causes an increased water absorption in fuel.

Alkyl Hides • The most widely used organic chemicals • CFC’s chlorofluorocarbons- used in Freon, also used to make Teflon (nonstick surfaces)

Ethers • Not very reactive, so commonly used as solvents

Aldehydes and Ketones Responsible for odors and flavors

Amines • All derivatives of ammonia • Form from the breakdown of proteins in animal cells

Carboxylic Acids • Much weaker than inorganic acids • Occur naturally in plants and animals • Vinegar • Citric Acid • Benzoic, propanoic, and sorbic acid-preservatives

Esters • Derivatives of carboxylic acids.

Organic Chemistry