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Organic compounds

Organic compounds. Chapter 12.6-12.9,14.2,14.3 organic molecules and naming hydrocarbons straight chain HCs Functional groups. Organic Compounds. What does organic mean? Organic compounds refer to any compound containing carbon except for carbon by itself. Hydrocarbons. Hydro means…

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Organic compounds

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  1. Organic compounds • Chapter 12.6-12.9,14.2,14.3 • organic molecules and naming • hydrocarbons • straight chain HCs • Functional groups

  2. Organic Compounds • What does organic mean? • Organic compounds refer to any compound containing carbon except for carbon by itself.

  3. Hydrocarbons • Hydro means… • So a hydrocarbon is hydrogen and carbon

  4. Simple hydrocarbons are • Methane • Octane • Pentane

  5. Name = # carbons • Naming organic molecules is as simple as counting the number of carbon atoms • 1C = Meth- • 2C = Eth- • 3C = Prop- • 4C = But- • 5C = Pent- • 6C = Hex-

  6. Table 12-5, p. 225

  7. Straight chain HCs • Refers to HCs where the chain is not branched • These can also be called linear molecules

  8. Saturated HCs • Saturated means all single bonds • Each carbon is bound to only other carbons and hydrogens • The suffix for saturated HCs is –ane • So one carbon attached to 4 hydrogens is?

  9. Organic compound formulas • Formula, sticks, short hand, space filling, etc.

  10. Fig. 12-6a, p. 226

  11. Fig. 12-6b, p. 226

  12. Fig. 12-6c, p. 226

  13. Fig. 12-6d, p. 226

  14. The more carbons you link together the heavier the molecule • This raises the boiling point

  15. Bent HCs • Not all HCs are straight chains • Sometimes they branch and depending on where they branch it changes the name

  16. Straight chain CHs have a prefix of n • When a molecule branches at the end it is an iso-xxx-ane • Think of a fork in the road

  17. So compounds with the same number of carbons but a different arrangement are called isomers • These compounds share the same base root word but will have different prefixes to show that it is a different molecule.

  18. Isomers exist for most compounds • The more carbons in the chain the more isomers can exist

  19. Unsaturated • Saturate means that a carbon is bound to the maximum amount of atoms • Valence of C = ? • Thus, unsaturated means each of the 4 bonds that carbon can make are NOT to separate atoms

  20. Unsaturated HCs have multiple bonds (double, triple) to one or more carbon atoms • Multiple bonds greatly influence the shape of a molecule

  21. Molecules containing multiple bonds have the suffix –ene instead of –ane • Ethane • Double bond is ethylene • Triple bond is acetylene

  22. Cyclic HCs • When HCs are not linear they can from geometric shapes such as hexagons • These HCs are referred to as cyclic because there are no open ends

  23. A common saturated cyclic HC is cyclohexane • Cyclic HCs follow the same naming scheme as straight chain HCs but the prefix cyclo- is added

  24. When multiple bonds are present in cyclohexane it becomes benzene.

  25. Aromatic Compounds • Compounds containing benzene rings very often have a distinct odor. This lead to them being called aromatic compounds

  26. Where? • Hydrocarbons come from petroleum and coal. • Both of these were formed millions of years ago in the absence of oxygen. • Coal is solid hydrocarbons • Oil is liquid hyrdocarbons

  27. Fractional Distillation • Fractional distillation allows for the separation of different substances depending on their intermolecular interactions and weight.

  28. Refining oil

  29. Functional Groups

  30. Functional groups are groups of molecules that behave as a unit • Functional groups allow us to catagorize types of organic molecules that have similar properties

  31. How do you identify a functional groups? • Look for anything besides carbon and hydrogen. (sometimes carbon and hydrogen can be functional groups but all non C, Hs are usually part of some functional group)

  32. Heteroatoms – are atoms in organic compounds that are not carbon or hydrogen • Functional groups contain one or more heteroatoms

  33. Ethanol…what is the heteratom? • What is the functional group?

  34. Alcohols • Have the functional group –OH (hydroxyl) • This OH group makes these molecules polar • This allows short alcohols to fully dissolve in water • What happens as you make the alcohol longer?

  35. Methanol is one of the most produced chemicals in the US. ~11 billion lbs/year • It is used to make formaldehyde and acetic acid which are then used in plastic production • Can you drink methanol?

  36. Ethanol – this alcohol is produced from a very common process known as fermentation • Alcohol levels above 12% are fatal to the bacteria which is why wines are usually 10-12% alcohol at most.

  37. Isopropyl alcohol is another very common alcohol used widely today • Can you think of an application for this alcohol?

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