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COSC 101 B

COSC 101 B. The torture will stop when moral improves. Review. Binary code is the basic computer language Based on circuit being open or closed Open circuit: No electricity passes=0 Closed Circuit: Electricity passes=1 This represents 1 bit of information

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COSC 101 B

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  1. COSC 101B The torture will stop when moral improves

  2. Review • Binary code is the basic computer language • Based on circuit being open or closed • Open circuit: No electricity passes=0 • Closed Circuit: Electricity passes=1 • This represents 1 bit of information • A bit has only two states to choose from • True or False • Yes or No • 1 or 0

  3. Add up the Bytes to make a meal • Bits are then organized into groups • 4 bits = 1 Nibble • 8 bits = 1 Byte • 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte • 1024 Kb = 1 Megabyte • 1024Mb = 1 Gigabyte • 1024 Gb = 1 Terabyte

  4. Time keeps ticking by . . . • Processor speed based on hertz • System clock is a quartz crystal through which electricity passes: • The crystal vibrates at a set frequency, called Hz • Processing happens on every vibration • Current Olin 212 lab machines process every 2.83 billionths of a second

  5. Let the races begin . . . • System Speed is determined by four factors: • Processor speed • Speed and amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) • Amount of Cache, measured in Bits not Bytes • Front Bus Speed

  6. RAM: Not a mean animal • Types of RAM • Physical RAM • Volatile • Located on Mother board and can usually be upgrade • Virtual RAM • Temporary usage of available Hard Drive space • Cache • Volatile • Located on processor and not normally upgradable • Flash • Only non volatile RAM • Flash cards for cameras and USB drives are examples

  7. ROM: Not a Ferengie (None of you got that, right?) • ROM • Read Only Memory • Preloaded from factory • Holds OEM specs on computer hardware • Holds basic Operating System that runs start up and looks for loaded Operating System

  8. CMOS: Not an Alien Monkey • Complimentary Metallic Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS is fine for tests) • Holds Date and Time • Holds basic system set up information • POST: Power On Self Test • Volatile • Requires a lithium battery for power

  9. Hardware, but not from Lowes • Anything you can touch • Four basic categories • Processing • CPU, RAM, ROM, CMOS, Motherboard • Storage • Storage devices, both internal and external • Removable Storage devices such as DVD’s and USB drives • Input • Keyboard, Mouse, microphone, scanner, etc • Output • Monitor, printer, etc

  10. The output basics . . . • Monitors • Resolution measured in pixels per inch (PPI) • Two main types • CRT – Cathode Ray Tube (looks like old TV) • LCD – Liquid Crystal Display (flat panel) • Other types • LED (newest technology) • Projector • Plasma – (don’t let it burn in!)

  11. Other output basics • Printers • Resolution measured in DPI (dots per inch) • Several consumer grade printers • Dot Matrix (low quality, low cost) • Ink Jet (medium quality, expensive ink) • Laser (high quality, expensive and expensive toner) • Commercial grade • Thermal (very high quality, very expensive) • Plotter (low quality, mainly used for architectural plans)

  12. In and Out basics • Modems • Modulator/Demodulator • Used for connecting computers to external networks, like ISP’s • Formerly used on telephone lines, now DSL and Cable • Max telephone speed 53Kbs by Federal Law • DSL 256Kbs, Cable up to 1.5Mbs • Touch Screens • Common in ATM’s and self check out devices • Popular with personal devices (cell phones and tablets)

  13. Scanners • Input devices • Several types • Flatbed scanners • Handheld scanners • Barcode readers • OMR-Optical Mark Reader • Used to grade standardized tests • OCR – Optical Character Reader • Used with text to speech software

  14. Moving on to the new . . . • Secondary storage devices • Represent “permanent” storage – Non Volatile! • All devices can fail, some less likely than others • Most are moveable • External or removable media (more later) • Some are not so moveable • Internal hard drive (have to open computer to get it)

  15. Secondary Storage: Part Two • Divided into two basic categories • Magnetic • Information stored as a charge • Negative charge = No or 0 • Positive charge = Yes or 1 • Optical • Physical surface of disc broken into pits and lans • Lan = No or 0 • Pit = Yes or 1

  16. Magnetic Storage • Magnetic: • Hard drives • Internal drives • External Drives • Hard Disc Stacks • Digital Tape • Usually used in Enterprise environments for back up storage • USB drive • Inexpensive way to back up data and have extreme portability

  17. Magnetic Types Part Two • Internal Hard Drives • Size currently available is well into Terabyte range • Are susceptible to Head crash • What happens when Read/Write head makes contact with disc • Can be caused by: • A fingerprint • A smoke particle • A human hair • Available in Solid State format (no moving parts) which are not susceptible to Head Crash

  18. Magnetic Types Part Three • External Hard Drive • Available up to several Terabytes • Normally connected via USB (newest connections USB2) • Inexpensive and easy to use • Still susceptible to Head Crash

  19. Magnetic Types Briefly . . . • Floppy Drives • 3.5 inches, up to 1.44 Mb storage • Rarely used • Zip Drives • Up to 250 Mb storage • Rarely used • Digital Tape • Up to 800 Gb Storage • Primarily used for commercial backup

  20. Magnetic types briefer still . . . • USB • Up to several Gb of storage (in excess of 20Gb now available) • Very convenient • Less likely to fail • Unfortunately easy to misplace. • Hard Disc Stack • Purely commercial • Moveable large storage (several Terabytes)

  21. Optical Storage • CD • Up to 720 Mb of Storage • CD ROM • Read Only Memory • Many programs come on CD ROM • CDR • Recordable, but only once • CD RW • Recordable, many times

  22. Optical Storage, The Sequel • DVD • Up to 17 Gb Storage • DVD ROM • Read Only Memory • Movies also come in this format • DVD R • Recordable, but only once • DVD RW +/- • Recordable, many times • Blue Ray • Up to 60 Gb of Storage, primarily video media currently

  23. What’s Next? • Holographic Data storage • Uses multiple lasers to read multiple angles • Up to 2 Tb of storage • Protein Coated Disc • Uses light sensitive genetically engineered microbes to store data • Up to 50 Tb of storage

  24. Adding Soft to the system • Software basics • All of the instructions that run the computer • All of the programs you use • Must be written in computer language • Nothing that you can touch • Two main categories • System Software • Application Software

  25. All Systems GO! • System Software • Required to run system • Little input required from user • Three subcategories • Operating Systems • Utilities • Drivers

  26. Operating Systems • 2 basic categories • Text base • DOS (Disk Operating System) • First OS for PC’ss • Still works on current machines • Linux • Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Windows • Mac OS

  27. Operating Systems • OS Functions • Provide a user interface • A way to interact with the machine • Manage resources • Control how much RAM is being used by which programs as an example • Run Programs

  28. Utilities: not your average bill • Utilities • Used to maintain system or improve performance • Anti Virus • Anti Spyware • Anti Adware • Disc Cleanup • Disc Defragmentor

  29. Let’s be careful out there • Malware: why you need certain utilities • Viruses • Normally delivered through email as an attachment • Do not open attachments unless you are sure what they are • Trojans • Programs that pretend to be good, but are bad • Example: Waterfall.scr was supposed to be a free screensaver of a waterfall, but contained malware that deleted files and allowed remote connection • Worms • Enter through security holes in the OS

  30. Spyware is not James Bond’s suit • Spyware • Loaded without user knowledge • Can be gotten from any website • Simply hitches on to the web site download and snuggles into your computer • Can cause it to run slowly or keep some programs from running at all • Can also relay information back to programmer

  31. Adware: they are looking for you • Adware • Downloaded from visited site without user knowledge • Can cause unintended Pop Ups • Can hijack your browser to force you to certain sites • Can return information from your computer to the programmer • Can cause the system to run slowly

  32. Drivers: not all of them are bad • Drivers • Software for hardware • Every piece of hardware requires a driver • Instructs the OS on how to use the hardware

  33. Other Utilities • Disc Cleanup • Removes temporary files taking up unnecessary space • Disc Defragmenter • Puts relevant data in the same sectors on the Hard drive

  34. End of today’s fascinating Foray • Test on Thursday. • There will be no mercy • See you then

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