Expanding the Capabilities and Use of Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)

1. Expanding the Capabilities and Use of Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) Amit J. Mokashi and Richard D. Stewart

2. Scope & Motivation • CFIRE project on mining AIS data (RI-4). • UWS tasks: • to review literature on use of AIS • prepare write up on why AIS was developed and original intended uses • prepare case studies of current uses of AIS

3. The Sailboats of Ancient Mesopotamia2000 – 3000 BC http://www.brighthubengineering.com/marine-history/78133-the-sailboats-of-ancient-mesopotamia/#imgn_1

4. Thomas W. Lawson 1902 http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7szpkJA_KkM/TVhocUpYA0I/AAAAAAAAJdQ/9vLuZFlLWyw/s1600/CL0375b%252B.jpg

5. Compass Ancient Chinese Compass 4th Century BC Modern Chinese Compass http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00YvfEScpJEAko/Magnetic-Compass.jpg http://www.mychinesestudy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/%E5%8F%B8%E5%8D%97.jpg

6. Sextant Ancient Arab Sextant 9th Century Modern Sextant http://www.mat.uc.pt/~helios/Mestre/Novemb00/H61iflan.htm http://sextantblog.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/dreikreis-front.jpg

7. Other Navigational Aids NRL's XAF “flying bedspring” Radar 1938 Decca Navigator System 1945 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Decca_Navigator_Mk_12.jpg http://www.nrl.navy.mil/PressReleases/2013/XAF-Nat-Elec-Museum_112-13r_1712x2560.jpg

8. Other Navigational Aids LORAN GPS http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Early_maritime_GPS_receiver.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Loran_C_Navigator.jpg

9. Limitations of Legacy Navigation Aids • Lack of two-way communication • Communication of ship’s position to other vessels/entities has to be done by traditional VHF • Increased risk of error due to bad communication • Inadequate support for Search-and-Rescue • Radar-SART (Search And Rescue Transponder) requires continuous updates for a rescuer to lock-on to.

10. S-Curves of Innovation Applied to Navigation Aids Two-way Communicating AIS Performance GPS LORAN One-way Communicating Decca Radar Sextant Compass Effort (Time/Funds) Foster, R.N., Innovation: The attacker's advantage. Vol. 152. 1986: Summit Books New York.

11. AIS Performance Standards MSC.74(69) Annex 3 AIS functional requirements: • Efficient navigation of ships • Collision avoidance • Protection of the environment • Information about ship and cargo • Operation of Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) • Static, dynamic & voyage data

12. AIS Time-division Multiple Access (TDMA)

13. AIS Limitations • Human Element • Garbage in - Garbage out (Gi-Go) • Default, inaccurate, vague, flippant data entries • Improper technical setup • Intentional (hacking) /unintentional (TV) interference with GPS signal used by AIS • Policy & management issues • Frequency allocation, enforcement & data sharing

14. AIS Limitations • Technical • Limits of propagation due to earth’s curvature • 50nm (Shore stations) • 20nm (Ships) • Limits of TDMA technology (slot collision) • AIS Receiver with VHF antenna required • Limited portability • Inherited limitations of positioning system • GNSS satellite geometry • Can source location data using other means

15. Expanding Capabilities of AIS • Satellite – AIS (S-AIS) • Overcomes the range limitation of AIS • Some service providers use own satellites (exactEarth and LuxSpace) other source data from them or governments. • Data can be augmented by feed from other sources such as Long-Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) and Space-based Radar (e.g. RADARSAT)

16. Satellite - AIS

17. Expanding Capabilities of AIS • Web-based Access to AIS Data (WebVTS) • Live streaming • Free & subscription based services • Improvement in coverage using novel approaches • Free sharing of AIS data in lieu of installation of AIS receiver

18. Expanded Uses of AIS • Vessel Monitoring • Extension of AIS role from coastal to remote • Silent VTS • Traffic analysis • Risk assessment • Security • Faster response for security triggered by lack AIS signal • Anomalies in vessel behavior • Risk assessment • Environment • Monitoring of sensitive & protected areas • Identification of source and severity of incidence • Calculation of footprint • Risk assessment • Search and Rescue • Especially with S-AIS • Last known vessel position • GPS fed AIS–SART as an alternative to RADAR-SART • “Reward” assessment

19. Survey of AIS Data Service Providers’ Users21/48 responses • Pilots • Vessel Operators • Hobbyist • Academics • Aquariums • Bunker Providers • Regulators (Federal/State/Local) • Law Enforcers • Ports • Freight Shippers • Environmental NGOs • Weather Bureaus • Defense Agencies • Counter Piracy • Customs • Search & Rescue Operators • Fisheries • Accident/Oil Spill Investigators

20. Concluding Observations • Growing diversity and numbers of users and uses of AIS • Expect increasing capability and reduced cost of AIS units as the technology matures • Understanding new capabilities would lead to identification of new opportunities • Above points should result in better value/$ for users leading to further adoption even amongst vessel types not mandated leading to even higher value to all users.

21. Acknowledgements • CFIRE consortium • Survey respondents • Student Research Assistants • Mr. Chandler Smith of exactEarth • Anonymous reviewers

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