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The Reformation: the most dramatic fracture of pre-modern Christianity

The Reformation: the most dramatic fracture of pre-modern Christianity. From last time. Key concepts in Christian theology: 7 Sacraments: Eucharist, Baptism, Confession (+4) Will and Grace BTW, are we talking about Christian and/or Catholic theology?

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The Reformation: the most dramatic fracture of pre-modern Christianity

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  1. The Reformation: the most dramatic fracture of pre-modern Christianity

  2. From last time • Key concepts in Christian theology: • 7 Sacraments: • Eucharist, Baptism, Confession (+4) • Will and Grace • BTW, are we talking about Christian and/or Catholic theology? • BEFORE the Reformation: Christian and Catholic are synonyms • AFTER the Reformation: Catholicism = Roman Catholicism, i.e. a PART of Christianity (like Lutheranism, Calvinism, etc.) • Also, today office hours between 10 and 11am –sorry about the inconvenience

  3. How we study the Reformation in this course: • In 16th century many new things came about: the invention of the printing press, the Humanist way of looking at texts and at the Bible, etc… • Also in the 16th century the Reformation happened: in this course we are going to study both the ‘novelty’ of the Reformation, but also the ‘antiquity’ of it. • Attention then: Erasmus did not bring Luther, and Luther did not start something utterly new, but all these things are complicated, and we will study them one by one.

  4. Luther’s Background: three issues • Was the Reformation a ‘revolution’? • The old and the new: Luther and Augustine • The question of indulgences

  5. Was Protestantism a ‘Revolution’?

  6. No! The first instance of this use of the term Revolution is 1649…

  7. YES, in the old sense of the word ‘revolution’=Astronomical term; ‘return to the origin’!

  8. So the Reformation was not about starting something ‘new’, but about going back to the ‘old’

  9. Who was Luther? The influence of Augustine Young Martin Luther, Lucas Cranach 1522-4

  10. Remember Augustine? • His battle against Pelagius: the emphasis of grace in Augustine’s soteriology (which means doctrine of salvation) • 1506: Augustine’s ‘Opera Omnia’ (which means all the works by Augustine) is published

  11. Luther is an Augustinian monk! • Theology is important for Luther • He inherited, so to speak, the salvation question from Augustine • But there was something that pushed Luther, who was already reflecting about grace and salvation, over the edge….

  12. What are the indulgences? • In Catholic doctrine, when you die you can go to Heaven, Hell, or to Purgatory • Purgatory, ‘invented’ in 1215, was a sort of prison, when the soul gets punished for the sins the person committed, and at the end of the punishment it was ready for Heaven • But people on earth could do something to ease the prison-time, by acquiring from the Church ‘indulgences’, like ‘get-out-of-Purgatory-card’

  13. Imagine that you are in Purgatory…

  14. ..and your parents were left home thinking how to make it easier for you!

  15. Indulgences, Luther and Tetzel • 1510s: Rome needs money, selling of indulgences to finance St.Peter’s Cathedral • Johann Tetzel sent to Saxony to ‘sell’ indulgences to the people, and give the money to Rome

  16. ‘As soon as the coin in the coffin rings/ the soul out of Purgatory springs’

  17. October 1517: 95 Theses in Wittemberg

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