Learning Objectives

1. Learning Objectives 1).You will understand the concepts of latitude and longitude. 2). You will be able to pinpoint locations given specific values of latitude and longitude.

2. Latitude VS Longitude Latitude Memory Tips • Parallel Lines to the Equator (00 latitude) • Run East and West • Horizontal • Used to locate points North and South of the equator • 0-900 • Latitude sounds like ladder.. • You use latitude to higher and lower locations on Earth just like ladder steps. • The 1st part of the word latitude sounds like flat and flat runs horizontal or East and West.

3. Latitude VS Longitude Longitude • Run East and West of Prime Meridian • (00 longitude) • Used to locate points East and West. • 0-1800 • Lines on a globe that run North and South are long and that coincides with LONGitude. • There is an N in LONGitude and an N in North.

4. Latitude VS Longitude Cont… Latitude Important Markers • Measured in • Degree • Minute • 60 in every degree • Seconds • 60 in every minute • Completely Parallel Lines • 00 Latitude = Equator • 22.50 North Latitude= Tropic of Cancer • 22.50South Latitude = Tropic of Capricorn

5. Latitude VS Longitude Cont… Longitude Longitude • Measured in • Degree • Minute • 60 in every degree • Seconds • 60 in every minute • Extend Pole to Pole • Semicircles • Converge at Poles • Diverge at Equator

6. Latitude VS Longitude Cont… Important Longitude Lines • 00 Longitude = Prime Meridian • 180C Longitude = IDL • International Date Line • Where all time zones meet • Significant time difference across the line

7. International Date Line Separation between two days • 180 degrees Longitude • Western hemisphere is always 1 day behind of the date to the Eastern Hemisphere of the IDL

8. TIME ZONES Math and Geography in Action

9. Why Time Zones? • Historically, people set clocks based on observing the sun and the stars. This occurred prior to the late 19th century. • Dawn and dusk occur at different times at different places because of the Earth’s rotation. • No one noticed, because times between distant locations were barely noticeable because of long travel times and the lack of long-distance communications • Now we have global communication, and a standard time is necessary.

10. Why so many Time Zones? 1 revolution of Earth = 365.25 days 6 hours x 4 years = Leap year & we catch up 1 rotation of Earth = 24 hours Circle = 360° 360° /24 = 15° = 1 hour Earth rotates 15° each hour At the equator Earth ≈ 24,900 miles = 1037.5 miles in an hour Lines of Longitude North Pole 15°

11. AM: Ante Meridiem (before noon) • PM: Post Meridiem (afternoon)

12. Likened to a Number Line SUBTRACT an hour for each time zone as you move WEST ADD and hour for each time zone as you move EAST • 0 + Your place of origin

14. World Time Zones

16. Non- Standard Time • Areas of the world on non-standard time • 2 South Pacific islands • India • Afghanistan • Nepal • Iran • Sri Lanka • Newfoundland • Central Australia • Myanmar (Burma) The deviation of time keeping from the standard time zone in which a place is geographically located. The usual deviation occurs in quarter hour increments, i.e. 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or 45 minutes.

17. Contour Line Discussion and Map construction 1). You will understand what a contour line is. 2). You will understand when and how to use a depression contour. 3). You will understand the rules of Contour Mapping.

18. Should Your Maps All Look The Same? • Why or Why Not? • What could have caused them to look so differently?

19. Contour Lines When Do You Draw Them? What should contour lines look like? • On Topographic Maps • At Equal Elevations • If an area is flat, then contour lines should be nicely spaced. • If an area is steep, then contour lines should be very close together. • Beginning to create smaller circles. • Contour Interval: Constant Increase and/or Decrease in Elevation Between Contour Lines

20. Could you tell that your volcano model had a concave top? • Why or Why Not? • How could we fix this? • Depression contours • Hachures: Lines coming off depression contours at a right angle • Always Point Downhill

21. Contour lines can tell us…. Gradient • We can use labeled contour lines to calculate gradient. • Change in elevation between a and b/Distance between a and b

22. Contour Mapping Rules • 1). Contour Points Connect Lines of Equal Elevation. • Every point on a line is at the exact same elevation. • 2). Contour Lines Never Intersect or Cross. • 3). Contour Lines Never Split or Divide. • 4). Contour Lines Always Separate Points of Higher Elevation from Lower Elevation. • 5).Contour Lines Always Close to Form an Irregular Circle.

23. Contour Mapping Rules Continued • 6). The Closer Contour Lines are Together….The Steeper the Slope • 7). A Hill is Represented by a Series of Closed Contours. • 8). Depression Contours are Indicated by Hachure Marks.

24. Quick Review • Answer these quick questions: • 1). What is a contour line? • 2). What is a depression contour? • 3). How can you tell a depression contour apart from a normal contour line? • 4). What is a contour interval? • 5). What is an index contour?