Lesson XXXIII

1. Lesson XXXIII Perfect Passive Participles Passive Voice: Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tenses

2. Perfect Participles • A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that’s used as an adjective. The past participle in English usually ends in –ed: • e.g.: carried, beloved • With other verbs, it is irregular: • e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard. • The baby, CARRIED by its mother, stopped crying. • The sheets, EATEN by moths, were no longer useful. • SEEN cheating by her boyfriend, the girl decided now was as good a time as any to break up.

3. Perfect Participles • In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4th PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus or –sus: • Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS • PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried” • Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS • MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent” • These words decline in 1st/2nd declensions just like any other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending is listed in your vocabulary.

4. Participles • Examples: • Cibuspropositus: • “the offered food” • Litteraemissae: • “the sent letter”

5. Forming perfect passive tenses • Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to put them to good use! • The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s principal parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. • Remember that the participle is an adjective, so we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit as we conjugate from singular to plural and from gender to gender. • Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use 2 words: a participle and a form of sum.

6. Perfect Passive Tense • Take the perfect passive participle of a verb. • Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb. Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to form a PAST tense verb. Be careful not to translate “sum” as present tense when it’s partnered up with a participle. You’ll see why on the next page….

8. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductusducti 2nd ductusducti 3rd ductusducti sum est es sumus sunt estis

9. Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern! Just use “eram” as your helping verb. amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love

10. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductusducti 2nd ductusducti 3rd ductusducti eram erat eras eramus erant eratis

11. Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN! Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum) amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love

12. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductusducti 2nd ductusducti 3rd ductusducti ero erit eris erimus erunt eritis

13. Ready to practice?  • But first….

14. beneficium, • benefici (n.) • kindness, benefit

15. exemplum, • exempli (n.) • example • exemplify, sample, exemplary

16. egregius, • egregia • egregium: • distinguished, • excellent • egregious

17. propono, • proponere, • proposui, • propositus: • put forward, offer

18. suscipio, • suscipere, • suscepi, • susceptus: • undertake, take up, start

19. per (+ acc.): • through • perforate, permit, percolate

20. sub: • under, close up to • + acc.: verbs of motion • + abl.: verbs of rest • suspicion, submarine

21. Workbook page 121(watch out for genders and plurals!) missaest a. He will be sent missaerunt b. it will have been sent 3. missumest c. They had been sent mittetur d. She has been sent missaesunt e. They were being sent mittebantur f. They will have been sent missus est g. They are sent mittuntur h. They have been sent missieranti. It was sent missumerit j. He has been sent

22. Ready to practice more?  • But once again….

23. beneficium, • benefici (n.) • kindness, benefit

24. exemplum, • exempli (n.) • example • exemplify, sample, exemplary

25. egregius, • egregia • egregium: • distinguished, • excellent • egregious

26. propono, • proponere, • proposui, • propositus: • put forward, offer

27. suscipio, • suscipere, • suscepi, • susceptus: • undertake, take up, start

28. per (+ acc.): • through • perforate, permit, percolate

29. sub: • under, close up to • + acc.: verbs of motion • + abl.: verbs of rest • suspicion, submarine

30. Workbook page 121 Exercise “E” • Translate the 5 sentences in exercise “E” about pirates in the Roman world. Arrrrrgh! • Pay special attention to the passive voice verbs, especially your new perfect/pluperfect/future perfect passive tenses. (Whew! That’s a mouthful…!)