Warm up

1. Warm up Does punishment really work with teens? If so, when is it most effective? Is there anything that might be more effective than punishment? What?

2. Learning & Operating Conditions Part I -Reinforcement & Punishment

3. Operating Conditioning • B.F. Skinner, behavioral psychologist • Show video • A behavior is learned in connection with reward or punishment • Any response that is followed by a reinforcement stimulus tends to be repeated

4. More about operant conditioning • Operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary” or operant behavior“. • Also looks at schedules of reinforcement - but that is Friday’s lesson.

5. Operant Conditioning Chamberaka “The Skinner Box” • Allowed him to explore the rate of response as a dependent variable. • Allowed him to develop his theory of schedules of reinforcement.

6. Operant Conditioning that… • Encourages behavior • Positive Reinforcement • Negative Reinforcement • Discourages Behavior • Positive Punishment • Negative Punishment

7. Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior. In the Skinner box experiment, a stimulus such as food or sugar solution was delivered when the rat engaged in a target behavior.

8. Negative Reinforcement • Following a behavior by stopping or taking away something unpleasant • Reinforcer is unpleasant in some way – discomfort, fear, annoyance, social disapproval, etc. • In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement was a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engaged in the target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed.

9. Negative Punishment • Discouraging behaviour by following it with unpleasant consequences. • Also called “punishment by contingent withdrawal“. • Occurs when a behaviour (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior. • Eg.- having your cell phone or car confiscated.

10. Positive Punishment • Discouraging a behavior by adding something that is not pleasurable. • Also called “Punishment by contingent stimulation“. • Occurs when a behaviour (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus (such as a song), which is not removed until there is a decrease in that behavior. • Eg. Having a chore added to your list of chores

11. To recap

12. Your Turn!!! • With a partner, come up with your own example for each of the following: • Positive Reinforcement • Negative Reinforcement • Positive Punishment • Negative Punishment

13. Let’s Share!!! • Share your examples with someone next to you to make sure they are correct • Read your example to the class. • Each group will decide what to label the example. • When an example is read, hold up the corresponding sign as to what your group thinks it is.