Anthropology 308 Women, Sex Roles and Culture

1. Anthropology 308Women, Sex Roles and Culture • Dr. Siemens • Office-Sierra Hall 240M • Office Telephone (818) 677-4931 • Office Hours • Tuesday and Thursday 8:20-9:20AM 3:30-4PM • and by appointment • Email stephen.siemens@csun.edu

2. 3x5 Card • Name • Reason for Class • Previous Anthropology • Email Address • Anything else you want Dr. Siemens to know about you and your interests.

3. THE SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGYWhat anthropologists have you heard of?What did they study?

4. Harrison Ford as fictional Indiana Jones "There are codes of ethics in archaeology, and I don't think he would be a member. Not in good standing, anyway," said Mark Rose [Archaeological Institute of America] Los Angeles Times 5-23-08 E9

5. Mary Leakey Discovered Oldest Footprints

6. Louis Leakey found fossil humans

7. Jane Goodall was first to study chimpanzees in the wild.

8. Jane Goodall still works for Chimpanzee conservation.

9. Dian Fossey was first to study gorillas in the wild.

10. Sigourney Weaver as Dian Fossey

11. Margaret Mead with Samoan Girls

12. Deborah Tannen

13. David Maybury-Lewis(right) Host of PBS series Millenium”Also founder of the human rights group “Cultural Survival”

14. Takes holistic view: religion, gender, social, global and historical perspectives. Main obstacle was convincing artists he was sympathetic. Metal artists gave thoughtful responses. Some appeared hostile on camera but friendly off camera. Anthropological approach was not first choice. Sam Dunn used anthropological training in heavy metal documentary Chicago Tribune 4-14-06

16. Indiana Jones* Mary Leakey Louis Leakey Jane Goodall Dian Fossey Margaret Mead Deborah Tannen David Maybury-Lewis Sam Dunn Explore Ruins (fictional) Fossil Hunter Fossil Hunter Chimpanzees Gorillas Samoan Girls American Women and Men Talking Xavante Rights Heavy Metal Music Anthropologists You may have Heard of *Fictitious anthropologist

17. Anthropologists in the News Anthropologists contribute to American society as well as to the international community of scholars

18. Forensic Anthropologist Identifying victims of political massacres Families accompany her sometimes LA Times August 4 A7 Maira Martinez

19. Studied Crystal Skull donated to Smithsonian Skull was made with modern tools Skull lacks prehistoric style features LA Times June 8, 2008 Jane MacLaren Walsh

20. Studied Japanese consumer culture Worked in Tokyo convenience stores Japanese buy exotic Colombian Giant beetles. Heads resemble samurai headgear $350/Giant beetle LA Times 5-21-08 A4 Biodiversity valuable to Colombian, German Viasus, left Colombia plans to market more biodiversity Gavin Whitelaw

21. Analyses genetic markers to connect African-Americans to ancestral populations and African-American kin. "At most, you're getting 1% of your ancestry…” Raymond A. Winbush “paternal DNA linked him to the Bubi, a people indigenous to Equatorial Guinea on Central Africa's Atlantic coast, and his maternal DNA linked him to the Tikar people of adjoining Cameroon. He also carried markers common in people of Dutch, French, British and German origin.” "The discovery helped me to locate myself more psychologically," he said. "It's all kind of wrapped up in the idea of locating oneself in history." LA Times 5-4-08 A6 Diana FullwileyHarvard

22. Wrote Samala dictionary from John P. Harrington’s notes Samala is a Chumash Language Chumash are native people of Los Angeles Santa Barbara Independent 4-24-08 Chumash financed dictionary Chumash are relearning language Last native speaker of Samala died 1965 Richard Applegate J.P. Harrington

23. Maira Martinez Jane MacLauren Walsch Gavin Whitelaw Diana Fullwiley Richard Applegate Identifying Colombian Political Victims Crystal Skulls Japanese Consumerism African Genetic Markers Chumash Language Anthropologists in the News

24. Other Prominent and Notable Anthropologists

25. Franz Boas (Father of American Anthropology)

26. Marjorie Shostakand star informant,Nisa!Kung people

27. Elinor Ochs Madagascar and Samoa languagesUCLA Center on Everyday Lives of Families

28. William Rathje Garbology

29. Claude Lévi-Strauss Kinship and Myth

30. Jomo Kenyatta Kikuyu and Kenya’s First President

31. Birute Galdikas Orangutans

32. Franz Boas Marjorie Shostak Eleanor Ochs William Rathje Claude Levi-Strauss Jomo Kenyatta Birute Galdikas Kwakiutl and Race !Kung (Bushmen) Madagascar and Samoa UCLA C.E.L.F. U.S. Garbology Kinship and Myth Gikuyu Orangutans Other Prominent Anthropologists

33. Anthropology Defined • Anthropology is the study of human beings in a holistic manner. • Holism means appreciating totalities as more than mere combinations of parts. • There are two ways anthropology is holistic. • 1) Comprehensiveness. Because anthropology is holistic its study includes all humans of all places and all times. • 2) Interrelatedness. Because anthropology is holistic any human group should be studied in its entirety, finding connections among economics, politics, religion, language, etc.

35. Nature and Nurture • A hundred years ago anthropology was the same as “racial” studies. • Biological determinism was the prevailing view. • Eugenics was popular. • Eugenics seeks to “improve” a population by identifying those with “good” genes and promoting their reproduction. Those with “bad” genes are prevented from reproducing. • Nazi extermination of Jews was eugenics. • Eugenics is inhumane and mistaken about genetics.

37. Cultural Determinism • Franz Boas argued that the important sources of behavioral differences between societies were learned rather than inherited. • Boas changed the prevailing view to cultural determinism. • Boas decreased the importance of biology to anthropology and increased the importance of learned culture. • Margaret Mead extended Boas argument to women and men. • The significant differences between women and men are learned rather than inherited

38. Gender vs. Sex • Sex refers to biological reproduction. • Sex is a result of nature • Gender refers to language categories. • Gender is learned, a result of nurture • Indian women build road and Indian men wash clothes. • Gender roles are learned

39. Anthropological SubfieldsSubfields are results of differences in methods. • Physical (or Biological) Anthropology • Archeology • Linguistic Anthropology • Cultural Anthropology

40. Physical Anthropology • Physical Anthropology uses biological methods. Physical anthropology studies human origin, related species & variation.

41. Archeology • Archeology uses excavation methods and sampling. • Archeology studies artifacts.

42. Linguistic Anthropology uses linguistic methods. Linguistic anthropology studies language in use. Linguistic Anthropology

43. Cultural Anthropology • Cultural Anthropology uses participant observation. • Cultural anthropology studies cultures of living people. • This class is about cultural anthropology.

44. Tylor’s Definition of Culture “Culture ...taken in its widest... sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, and custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

45. Features of Culture Definition stresses that culture is: 1) a whole: complex with many interdependent parts. 2) acquired: not inborn (distinct from race) capacity for culture is inborn (large brain, speech mechanism). 3) culture depends on an ongoing society for existence.

46. Additional points not in definition • Culture includes behavior as well as ideas. Practices are significant even if not conscious and not explained. People can not explain all of their own culture (Like language) • Culture is symbolic. Culture is a system of meanings. Meaning results from relations between different areas of experience, e.g., religion and subsistence.

47. Consequences of the Features of Culture • The social aspect of culture is linked to its function as an adaptive strategy • Culture as a systemic whole is shown in the relation of subsistence and politics. • Since culture is acquired, cultures vary.

48. Culture is Social • Living in social groups that transmit culture is the adaptive strategy of humans. • All humans have learned transmitted skills for acquiring food called subsistence techniques.

49. Cultures are complex wholes • Parts of a culture are interrelated. • E.g., subsistence limits or enables politics. • Without a surplus there are no full time leaders. A Yanomamö warrior line-up is a political accomplishment of the headman. However, he must still grow all his food in his garden. Yanomamö horticulture provides no surplus.

50. Culture is Acquired and Varies by Group • Since culture is acquired it varies. • Even biological needs are met in different ways. • Shelter is a biological necessity but it shows cultural identity. • Eating