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Industrialism and global capitalism

Industrialism and global capitalism. Key Concept 5.1. Key Concept 5.1.

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Industrialism and global capitalism

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  1. Industrialism and global capitalism Key Concept 5.1

  2. Key Concept 5.1 • Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a “good,” but it also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations, and culture. Although it is common to speak of an “Industrial Revolution,” the process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, eventually becoming global.

  3. Textile Industry • Flying Shuttle- weave cloth 2x as fast as a person • Need more thread • spinning jenny- could spin 8 spindles of thread at once • Spinning jenny still needed highly skilled laborers • Water frame- low skill needed, stronger thread, faster • Raw cotton separated using the cotton gin • This created the factory system (1)

  4. Introduction to Industrial revolution • The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s modern transformation • Initial period 1750-1900 • Drew on the Scientific Revolution • Utterly transformed European society • Pushed Europe into a position of global dominance • Was more fundamental than any breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution • Where are we now? • Beginning of a movement leading to worldwide industrialization? • Stuck in the middle of a world permanently divided between rich and poor countries? • Approaching the end of an environmentally unsustainable industrial era?

  5. Key Concept 5.1 I • Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced • But how did we get to that point?

  6. Factors that led to Industrial Revolution • Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean (2)

  7. Factors that led to Industrial Revolution • Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber (3-5)

  8. Factors that led to Industrial Revolution • European demographic changes (6) • England: • Guilds largely disappeared • Growing population • Aristocrats interested in commerce • British worldwide commerce already • Politics encouraged commercialization and economic innovation • Religious tolerance • Tariffs • Easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions • Unified internal market • Patent laws • Checks on royal authority

  9. Factors that led to Industrial Revolution • Urbanization/Private Property (7/9) • Enclosure Movement • Improved agricultural practices

  10. Factors that led to Industrial Revolution (8)

  11. Factors that led to Industrial Revolution • Abundance of Rivers and Canals (10) • Unified internal markets

  12. Factors that led to industrial revolution • Access to foreign markets (11)

  13. Factors that led to industrial revolution • The accumulation of capital (12) • Entrepreneurs combined capital, raw materials, labor and ideas to make profit

  14. Machines • The development of machines made it possible to exploit vast new resources • Machines • Steam engine (13) • Internal combustion engine (14) • Fossil Fuel energy (15) • Oil • Coal

  15. New sources of Energy • Biological “old regime”- human/animal power; burning biomass (wood/wax) • Biological “new regime”- fossil fuels- coal/oil/gas • Deforestation in England led to greater use of coal • Steam Power made it possible to exploit the energy stored in the fossil fuels • Greatly increased the energy available to human societies

  16. Factory System • Concentrates production in one place (materials, labor) (16) • Located near the sources of power (rather than labor or markets) • Requires a lot of capital investment (factory, machines, etc) • Textile Factory Workers in England:

  17. Factory System • Rigid schedule • 12-14 hour day • Dangerous conditions • Mind-numbing monotony • Specialization of Labor (17)

  18. Spread of Industrialization (18) England Russia

  19. Spread to United States • Slower that Northern Europe • Fewer laborers • Lack of capital • British craftsmen started cotton textile industry in New England in 1820s • Heavy iron and steel industries in 1870s • Rail networks developed in 1860s; integrated various regions of United States

  20. Second Industrial Revolution • 1870-1914 (19) • 1st Industrial Revolution dominated by trial and error • Figured out what worked, but no real understanding of how they worked • e.g. power machinery without understanding thermodynamics • 2nd defined by science • More efficient steam engines • Electricity- telegraph, understanding of physics of electrical impulses, AC Current (22) • New methods of steel production made steel stronger and cheaper leading to steel becoming the fundamental material of industry (20) • Chemistry- German leaders- understanding of chemistry- new dyes, explosives, fertilizers, rubber, pharmaceuticals (21) • American System of manufacturing- complex products made from mass-produced individual components- precision machinery (23)

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