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CHEMISTRY & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. STUDY GUIDE. Define “Chemistry” science that deals with the composition & properties of matter & the way that matter reacts with each other Define “element” matter consisting of only 1 kind of atom Define “chemical symbol” abbreviation for the element name

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CHEMISTRY & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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  1. CHEMISTRY & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE

  2. Define “Chemistry”science that deals with the composition & properties of matter & the way that matter reacts with each other • Define “element”matter consisting of only 1 kind of atom • Define “chemical symbol”abbreviation for the element name Matter= mass- quantity or amount of an object volume-space an object takes up

  3. Write the chemical symbol for the following elements: *Carbon____ *Hydrogen _____ *Oxygen_____ *Nitrogen_____ *Phosphorous_____ *Potassium_____ *Sodium_____ *Chlorine_____ *Calcium_____ *Magnesium_____

  4. Write the chemical symbol for the following elements: *Carbon C *Hydrogen H *Oxygen O *Nitrogen N *Phosphorous P *Potassium K *Sodium Na *Chlorine Cl *Calcium Ca *Magnesium Mg

  5. Define “chemical reaction”.A combination of atoms that occurs so greater stability occurs. Atoms will gain/lose/or share electrons for the purpose of achieving stability. • Explain the following chemical reactions: H2 + O2H2O the reactants are ____________ the product is _______________

  6. EXPLAIN • 6CO2 + 6H20 →C6H12O6 + 6O2 light The reactants are _______________ The products are________________ • Define “compound”.Matter composed of 2 or more types of elements—ionic bond • Define “molecule”.Matter composed of 2 or more atoms of elements—covalent bond. The smallest part of a compound where atoms are bonded covalently • Salt has a chemical formula that is NaCl; is salt an element? Explain.An element is 1 kind of atom Na & Cl are 2 different elements

  7. Write the chemical formula for the following compounds (abbreviation for a compound): • Water ___________________ • Glucose__________________ • Carbon dioxide_____________ • Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy are called exothermic. • Chemical reactions that REQUIRE energy are called endothermic. • The Chemistry of LIVING things is called organic chemistry.

  8. Types of Chemistry • Organic— compounds contain the elementCarbon except for the compound CO2. • Inorganic—compounds that DO NOT contain the element Carbon.

  9. The 4 most abundant ELEMENTS in living things are C, H, O, and N. • The most abundant ELEMENT in living things is Carbon. • The most abundant COMPOUND in living things is H2O.

  10. Types of MIXTURES—define a. Solution: homogeneous-best mixed- uniform in color; transparent b. Suspension: heterogeneous- most particles settle out upon standing; not evenly mixed c. Colloid: homogeneous mixture-always cloudy; particles never settle out; can’t see light through it • Draw the particle size for: Solution Colloid Suspension

  11. Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the following: • Dirt in water__________ • Sugar dissolved in hot tea____________ • Egg white____________ • Fog_______________ • Salad dressing___________ • Orange juice with pulp_________ • Milk (homogenized)__________ • Blood____________&______________ explain • Guntersville lake___________&___________explain

  12. Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the following: • Dirt in water-suspension • Sugar dissolved in hot tea-solution • Egg white-colloid • Fog-colloid • Salad dressing-suspension • Orange juice with pulp-suspension • Milk (homogenized)-colloid • Blood-solution&-suspension explain: • food dissolved in blood blood & plasma • Guntersville lake-solution & suspension explain: oxygen dissolved dirt suspended

  13. Parts of a solution *solute: part that is dissolved (usually a solid) *solvent: part that does the dissolving (usually a liquid) • A solution may become SUPERSATURATED. Explain. Sponge- ground after heavy rain-there is too much solute for the solvent-it is impossible for the solution to remain homogeneous-some solute will settle out.

  14. For the following SOLUTIONS, indicate the part that is the solute and the part that is the solvent: • Coffee granules in water: coffee is the solute; Water is the solvent • Fingernail polish remover dissolves fingernail polish: Fingernail polish remover is the solvent; fingernail polish is the solute. • Gojo hand cleaner dissolves grease on our hands: Gojo is the solvent; grease is the solute. • Ammonium hydroxide in water: Ammonium hydroxide is the solute; water is the solvent • 30 ml of 95% alcohol dissolves 0.3 g of methylene blue dye: 95% alcohol is the solvent; methylene blue dye is the solute.

  15. Water is called the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT. • Types of SOLUTIONS: *Acid-define: has more H+ than OH- *Base-define: has more OH- than H+ *Neutral-define: has = OH- and H+ • H+ is called hydrogen ion; OH- is called hydroxide ion • Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL • HCLH+ + Cl- • NaOHNa+ + OH- • H2OH+ + OH- • KOH K+ + OH- • NH3 H+ + NO3 • Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL based on observable characteristics: (Acids=sour; base=bitter/slick) • Aspirin acid • Soap base • Lemon juice acid • Milk neutral

  16. When a strong acid and a strong base are mixed, a neutral material is formed in what is called a neutralization reaction. • The pH scale measures the relative concentration of H+ and OH- in a material (its strength as an ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL material.) • A pH value of LESS than 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL • A pH value of MORE than 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL • A pH value of 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL • Most CELLS have a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5

  17. Determine whether the following pH is a strong Acid/ weak Acid/ strong Base/ weak Base/ Neutral material: • pH=2.3 strong acid • pH=7 neutral • pH=13.4 strong base • pH=8.2 weak base • pH=6.1 weak acid

  18. Determine whether the following is an ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL material: • Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up RED after they are placed in a solution acid • Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up BLUE after they are placed in a solution base • Blue Litmus paper stays BLUE and Red Litmus paper stays RED after they are placed in solution neutral

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