Human Biology and Health Chapter One ‘ Bones, Muscles, and Skin ’

1. Human Biology and HealthChapter One‘Bones, Muscles, and Skin’ Section One: Body Organization and Homeostasis

2. First objective:What are the levels of organization in the body? The levels of organization in the human body consist of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

3. cells A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing. They perform the basic processes that keep organisms alive (grow, reproduce, digest, remove waste). They are surrounded by a cell membrane. Each cell has a nucleus that controls the cell’s activities. The material between the cell membrane and nucleus is the cytoplasm.

4. tissues 1. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the same function. 2. There are four basic types: a. muscle tissue- what makes parts of your body move; it can contract. b. nervous tissue- carries messages back and forth between the brain and body. c. connective tissue- provides support for your body and connects all its parts. d. epithelial tissue- covers the surface of the body (skin).

5. organs An organ is a structure that is made up of different kinds of tissue.

6. Organ systems An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. Some examples are:

7. Organ systems Digestive - breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. Circulatory - transports materials to and from cells. Respiratory - takes in oxygen; removes carbon dioxide. Excretory - removes waste. Skeletal - supports and protects the body. Muscular - allows movement of body and organs. Endocrine - controls processes by using chemicals. Nervous - detects information from the environment and controls body functions.

8. Images of levels of organization

9. second objective:What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the process in which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite the changes in the external environment. All the organ systems must work together to maintain this balance.

10. When homeostasis is thrown off, your heart may beat faster or breathing may increase. These are signs of stress, the reaction of your body to a challenging situation. The endocrine system releases adrenaline, a chemical that gives you the energy to get through a period of stress. When the stress subsides, homeostasis is restored.

11. Human Biology and HealthChapter One‘Bones, Muscles, and Skin’ Section Two: The Skeletal System

12. First objective:What are the functions of the skeleton? The skeleton is made up of all the bones in the body and it has five major functions:

13. a. Shapes and supports The backbone or vertebral column is the center of the skeleton and it is made up of 26 small bones or vertebrae. It protects the spinal cord (made of nervous tissue so it can easily be damaged), which carries messages between the brain and the body.

14. b. enables you to move Muscles in the body pull on the bones and makes the body move.

15. C. provides protection The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of bone that protect the organs; the skull protects the brain.

16. D. produces blood cells Red blood cells (rbc’s) carry O2; white blood cells (wbc’s) destroy bacteria.

17. E. Stores minerals Bones store calcium and phosphorus.

18. second objective:What role do joints play in the body? A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together. There are two kinds:

19. 1. Immovable joints Immovable joints connect bones in a way that allows minimal or no movement like the bones in the skull.

20. 2. movable joints Movable joints allow for a wide range of movement and are held together by strong connective tissues called ligaments. Cartilageis a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone, and it keeps the ends of the bones from rubbing against each other.

21. Different types of joints include: hinge joint- allows forward and backward movement (knee). ball-and-socket joint- allows for your arm to swing in a circle. pivot joint- allows for one bone to rotate around another (neck). gliding joint- allows one bone to slide over another (wrist).

22. Images of movable joints

23. third objective:What are the characteristics of bone? Bonesare living complex structures that grow and develop.

24. Bone structure A thin, tough membrane called the periosteum covers all of a bone except for the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the membrane. Beneath the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense but not solid. Small canals run through, carrying blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s surface to the cells within the bone. Inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone. It is found at the end of the bone and contains many small spaces.

25. Bone structure The spaces in bone contain soft connective tissue called marrow. There are two types of marrow: red marrow - produces blood cells. yellow marrow – stores fat that serves as energy reserve.

26. Images of Bone

27. fourth objective:How can you keep your bones strong and healthy? Bones are strong and lightweight. They are hard because they are made up of two minerals: phosphorus and calcium. New bone tissue continuously forms throughout your life.

28. fifth objective:How can you take care of your bones? To keep bones healthy, it is important to maintain a healthy diet and to exercise regularly. As you get older, bones lose their minerals. This loss can lead to osteoporosis, a condition where the bones become weak and break easily. Eating calcium-rich food and exercising can help prevent osteoporosis.

29. Images of osteoporosis

30. Bones of the skeletal system (206) Clavicle- collarbone Scapula- shoulder Mandible- jaw Humerus- upper arm Ulna/Radius- lower arm Femur- upper leg Tibia/Fibula- lower leg Patella- kneecap Carpals- wrists Tarsals- ankles Fingers/toes- phalanges

31. Human Biology and HealthChapter One‘Bones, Muscles, and Skin’ Section Three: Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries

32. First objective:What are some injuries to the skeletal system? Common injuries to the skeletal system include:

33. Fractures – or a break in the bone. It happens when you fall and all your weight is put on a few bones. In a simple fracture, the bone may be cracked or broken and in a compound fracture, the broken ends actually stick out through the skin. Dislocations – happens when a bone comes out of its joint. Sprains – happens when the ligaments are spread too far and tears in a few places. This is the most common type of injury and it may cause swelling.

34. images of bone injuries

35. second objective:How can skeletal injuries be Identified and treated? The two most common identification methods include:

36. X-rays – are forms of energy that travels in waves. They can determine if bones are broken. Because they pass through the skin and tissues, they strike the film beneath the area. Bones absorb x-rays and appear as defined white areas. X-rays can damage cells. MRI’s– magnetic resonance imaging. magnetic energy causes atoms in the body to vibrate, which forms a pattern that can be converted into an image. It is different than an x-ray because it can show images of muscles and soft tissues without causing damage to body cells.

37. images of x-rays and mri

38. Treating injuries Your doctor may decide that you have to wear a cast. Your doctor may decide that joint replacement surgery is needed. This is common in people who have arthritis, a disease of the joints that makes movement painful. An artificial joint replaces the natural joint. Your doctor may decide to make a small incision and insert a slim, tube-like instrument called an arthroscope, which allows the doctor to see what’s wrong. Once the problem is discovered, more incisions may be needed to repair the problem. This process is called arthroscopy.

39. Human Biology and HealthChapter One‘Bones, Muscles, and Skin’ Section Four: The Muscular System

40. First objective:What types of muscles are found in the body? There are about 600 muscles in the body. Involuntary muscles are not under your conscious control (breathing, digestion, heartbeats.) Voluntary muscles are under your control (smiling, moving, and lifting). There are three types of muscle tissue:

41. A. Skeletal muscle They are attached to the bone and helps them move. Strong connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone are called tendons. They are voluntary muscles. They tire easily. They are also known as striated muscles because they appear banded.

42. b. Smooth muscle They are involuntary muscles. The are found inside internal organs. They control internal movements like digestion. They react more slowly and tire more slowly.

43. C. cardiac muscle It is only found in the heart. It is different than skeletal muscle in that it does not get tired. It is similar to smooth muscle in that it is involuntary. It is similar to skeletal muscle in that it is striated.

44. Images of muscle types

45. second objective:Why do skeletal muscles work in pairs? Muscles work by contracting (shortening). As one contracts, another one relaxes to its original length. Question: What muscles work to bend and straighten your arm?

46. To move your lower arm, the biceps on the front of the upper arm contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and hand. As the biceps contract, the triceps on the back of the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten the elbow, the opposite occurs.

47. Exercise is important in maintaining muscular strength and flexibility. It makes cells grow wider, thicker, and stronger. Sometimes injuries such as cramps or strains may occur because the muscle contracted and stayed contracted. Resting may help it heal.

48. Human Biology and HealthChapter One‘Bones, Muscles, and Skin’ Section Five: The Skin

49. First objective:What are the functions of skin? Protects the body from harmful substances and keeps important fluids inside. Maintains a steady temperature. Eliminates waste by perspiration (sweat). Gathers information on pressure, pain, and temperature. Produces vitamin D in the presence of sunlight. Vitamin D helps calcium be absorbed into the bones.

50. second objective:What is the structure of skin? The skin consists of two separate layers- the epidermis and dermis.