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Treatment and Control Programs for Ruminant Parasites

Treatment and Control Programs for Ruminant Parasites. Traditional Louisiana Cow-Calf Treatment .

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Treatment and Control Programs for Ruminant Parasites

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  1. Treatment and Control Programs for Ruminant Parasites

  2. Traditional Louisiana Cow-Calf Treatment TimeNematodesFlukes CALVES Pre-weaning +/- (heavy calves) - Weaning (Oct-Nov) + + Feb-Mar + - RETAINED HEIFERS, STOCKERS Spring + +/- Fall + + 1st and 2nd CALF BROOD STOCK Spring + +/- Fall + + MATURE >3-4 YEAR Spring Dependent on +/- Fall Herd History +

  3. Safe Pasture – Treat and Move • Rotate growing stock (and older stock if possible) to safe minimally infected pastures 1-3 days after treatment • Rest pastures in hot, dry summer-fall for 50-75 days (larvae are killed by heat and dryness) • Graze pastures by dry, pregnant cows (very low egg shedding rates) • 3. Overseed cropland with ryegrass or wheat that has not been recently used by cattle (eg soybeans at defoliation, rice stubble, hay fields)

  4. Treatment Decisions • Age/Class (Cow-Calf; Stocker, Feedlot) • Seasonal dynamics of major species present • Spectrum of drug vs major species present • Drug delivery systems (drench, paste, injectable, pour-on, pasture self treatment blocks, pre-mix, top-dress, bolus) • Cost-Effectiveness (‘Room to improve’ body condition score; Monitor herd fecal egg count to estimate parasite burdens) • NO BLANKET RECOMMENDATIONS. Modify based on principles and guidelines. Major variation between herds.

  5. ‘Low Input’ commercial cow-calf operation Herd body condition scores of 3-4 in late winter mean low productivity, ‘room to improve’ and likely benefit of parasite control programs

  6. December calf with nutritionally stressed mother in March Body condition scores of 4 or below indicate anestrus and poor mothering ability. Light calves and prolonged calving interval result.

  7. Seasonal transmission patterns Strategic Control is usually directed against Ostertagia

  8. Strategic control program for Coastal LA:Direct at the period that maximum nutritional stress, maximum Ostertagia burdens and maximum fluke burdens all coincide (Liebig’s ‘law of the minimum’)

  9. Parasite Herd Monitoring Mailer Kit

  10. Herd Parasite Monitoring • Use LAVMDL or similar mailer pouch kits. If squeeze all air out of small plastic baggies, nematodes do not develop during shipping or transport. Refrigerate until examine. • Sample herds based on local epidemiological pattern so that examine feces at time of maximum egg shedding by adult worms (GI nematodes winter, flukes fall) • Ten random samples per rectum or fresh from pasture. Do quantitative sugar flotation, report as mean EPG and % prevalence (or mean count if composite samples) • McMaster chamber counts OK, but misses lungworms, coccidia, low egg counts. • Use Flukefinder for Fasciola EP2G counts.

  11. Winter Wormtest (EPG) Risk Cows Growing Stock Low* <5 <50 Moderate 5-25 50-250 High 25-50 250-500 Economic >50 >500 * If good control program, <1EPG and < 25% prevalence is attainable

  12. Fall Fluketest EP2G on cow herd Risk * Prevalence Mean EP2G Low <25% <1 Moderate 25-75% 1-3 High 75-90% 3-10 Economic >90% >10 * >40 flukes at necropsy is economic level; >200 flukes clinical

  13. Anthelminthic Classes Benzimidazoles (Microtubules) FBZ – Broad spectrum drench, paste, ‘feed through’, dairy OK ABZ – Broad spectrum + flukicide OxBZ – Rumen injection, paste TBZ – Oldest, seldom used, no L4 efficacy Avermectins/Milbemycins (GABA inhibition) - long acting endecticides Ivermectin - Injectable +/- clorsulon; Pour-on; Bolus Eprinomectin - Pour-on, zero withdrawal time, dairy OK Moxidectin - Pour-on, zero withdrawal time, dairy OK Doromectin - Pour-on, Injectable Benzenesulfonamides (Glycolysis) – Clorsulon; flukes only Imidazoles (Acetocholine receptor)- Levamisole ; No L4 effect

  14. Control Program Scenario: Compare improved parasite control and potential cost-benefit of a mid-summer/mid-winter treatment (#1 arrow) with traditional fall+/-spring treatment of cows and growing stock (#2 arrow). Evaluate principles and guidelines of parasite control and the unique herd situation to make individual herd decisions.

  15. Stocker Calves The south produces mainly ‘light calves’ that graze on winter pasture as stockers, then go to feedlot at 800 lb

  16. Feedlot Calves Most calves are treated for nematodes and ectoparasites at receipt. Flukicide and coccidia prevention given if history indicates

  17. Ruminant Internal Parasite Checklist Primary 90% Secondary, Unusual, Minor 10% Ostertagia Strongyloides Chabertia Haemonchus Trichuris Capillaria Oesphagostomum Muellerius Neoascaris Trichostrongylus Toxoplasma* Protostrongylus Cooperia Fascioloides Dicrocoelium Nematodirus Paramphistomum Thysanosoma Bunostomum Giardia Thelazia Dictyocaulus Stephanofilaria Fasciola hepatica* Eleophora Eimeria Seteria Neospora Sarcocystis Tritrichomonas Fasciola gigantica Cryptosporidium* *Zoonotic importance - consider to be primary group

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