A-Z History

1. A-Z History Heart of History BY: Chelci Murillo

2. A- Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was admired by most Americans. He was a patriot, a self-made man, and a war hero. Andrew Jackson elected president in 1828. Jackson fired many federal workers and replaced them with his supporters. Andrew was a very strong leader during the War of 1812.

3. B- Battle of Gettysburg In July of 1863, General Robert E. Lee's Army Of Northern Virginia of 75,000 men and the 97,000 man Union Army Of The Potomac under General George G. Meade met, by chance, when a Confederate brigade sent forward for supplies observed a forward column of Meade's cavalry. Of the more than 2,000 land engagements of the Civil War, Gettysburg ranks supreme. Although the Battle of Gettysburg did not end the war, nor did it attain any major war aim for the North or the South, it remains the great battle of the war.

4. C- California’s gold rush The California gold rush began on the year of 1849.People from all over the world flocked California in the seeking of riches. In the year 1849 alone over 18,000 people came to California looking for gold. the people that arrived to California in 1849 were those called forty-niners .Many of the gold seekers came to California by see while others came overland through the Oregon and Santa Fe. Trail.

5. D-David Crockett • David Crockett was a skilled hunter and story teller. He got elected three terms in congress. David Crockett won notice for his frontier skills.Davy Crockett was perhaps best known in Tennessee as a noted hunter and for his unique style of backwoods oratory. In Texas, however, he will always be remembered as a heroic participant in the Battle of the Alamo. Crockett was born 17 August 1786 in what is now northeastern Tennessee. It was not until he was eighteen before he learned to read and write. About that time, he married and started a family of several children.

6. E-Elizabeth Blackwell • Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to receive a medical degree I the United States. She received the first medical degree granted to a women in the United States from Geneva College in NY in 1849). She started out as a teacher but for various reasons she set out to get a medical degree. One of those reasons was her dismay over the social inequities of the time. • She applied to numerous medical schools but was turned down by all until Geneva College accepted her "by accident." The professors had referred her application to the student and they, thinking it was a hoax, accepted her. This students did seem to give her a warm welcome but the others were not so pleased.

7. F-Frederick Douglas • Frederick Douglas was widely known as an African American abolitionist. He was born in Maryland as a slave. He thought himself how to read and write then he escaped from slavery in Maryland in 1838 and settled first in Massachusetts and then in New York. Douglas was a very powerful speaker. For 16 yrs. He edited a an antislavery newspaper called the North Star. Douglas won admiration as a powerful and influential speaker and writer. He insisted that African Americans received not only their freedom but also their full equality with whites.

8. G-General William Tecumseh Sherman • Born: 8 February 1820 • Birthplace: Lancaster, Ohio • Died: 14 February 1891 • Best Known As: Union general who said, "War is hell." • Sherman, Gen William T. (1820-91), second among American civil war Union generals and architect of the post-war pacification of the western frontier. Undistinguished in battle, Sherman owed his advancement to powerful family political connections and to his close friendship with. He is remembered for the aphorism ‘war is all hell’ and for his adamant refusal to run for president, unusual among successful US generals.

9. H-Helen Keller • (1880 - 1968)Author and lecturer. An illness at the age of 19 months left her deaf, blind and mute. Through the work of teacher Anne Sullivan, she learned to overcome these daunting handicaps and became a powerful and effective national spokesperson on behalf of others with similar disabilities.

10. I- Indian Removal act passed • The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by President Andrew Jackson. This was a strong act supported in the South where many states were eager to gain access to property inhabited by five Indian tribes. The tribes include the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole. They all adopted and settled to become civilized, but the white settlers were keen to strip them of their land for their own selfish wants. The white men wanted land to raise cotton so they pressured the federal government to obtain the Indian territory.

11. J-Jefferson Davis • Jefferson Davis was the only president of the Confederate States of America, the group of southern states that seceded from the United States and prompted the Civil War (1861-65). Davis was born in Kentucky and spent his childhood in Mississippi. A graduate of West Point military academy, Davis was a distinguished soldier in the Black Hawk War (1832) and the U.S. war with Mexico (1846-47). He served Mississippi as a congressman (1845) and a U.S. senator (1847-51 and 1857-61), and was President Franklin Pierce Secretary of War (1853-57). A gifted orator and longtime champion of states' rights, he resigned his senate seat in 1860 and reluctantly joined the secessionists. The provisional congress of the newly-formed Confederate States of America chose Davis as president and commander of its military forces.

12. K- The Kansas- Nebraska Act • Abraham Lincoln emerged from his self-imposed political retirement in 1854 soon after the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law. In that act Illinois' Democratic Senator Stephen a. Douglas had attempted to organize the vast Nebraska territory for settlement and the passage of a transcontinental railroad. The region in question had been considered a vast desert and had consequently been consigned to the Indians. With settlement west of the Mississippi River, it became clear that the territory was not a desert, but was suitable for farming.

13. L-Lyman Beecher • Lyman Beecher (1775 - 1863) • In the early 1800s, Presbyterian divine Lyman Beecher faced a culture in crisis: Alcoholism, poverty, illiteracy, and other social ills were on the rise, and church attendance was in decline. Furthermore, the policy of state-funded, state-established churches was fading. How, then, was the United States-with a republican form of government that requires a virtuous society and a strong private sector-to respond to these challenges?

14. M-McClellan • George B. McClellan, known as "Little Mac" and "Little Napoleon," was the Union General who served as both Commander of the Army of the Potomac and General in Chief after the resignation of General Winfield Scott (whom McClellan circumvented) in November 1861. He maintained his headquarters in Washington during the winter of 1861-62 at the Southeast Corner of H Street and Madison Place, near the White House on Lafayette Square. It was owned by Navy Captain Charles Wilkes whose seizure of two confederate emissaries created the Trent affair in late 1861.

15. N-Nullification Crisis • In U.S. history, a doctrine expounded by the advocates of extreme states' rights states' rights, in U.S. history, doctrine based on the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, which states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

16. O-Odgen vs. Gibbons • Established that states couldn’t enact legislation that would interfere with congressional power over inter state commerce. The supreme courts rulings strengthened the national government. They also contributed to the debates over sectional issues. The McCulloch v. Maryland decision in 1819 fanned the flames of controversy over States' rights and national supremacy. By 1824, Chief Justice John Marshall had reached the zenith of his historic tenure on the Court and was perfectly willing to consider the most difficult areas of law.

17. P-Panic of 1837 • The Panic of 1837 was greatly fueled by the down-trodden confidence that the American people had at the time for paper currency, which was just becoming prevalent around this time in the U.S. This caused a huge downturn in the American economy as banks failed and confidence plummeted. • Speculation markets were drastically affected, because American banks had basically stopped paying in gold and silver coinage, and were moving toward paper and other sources of currency. So, when people realized they would receive paper money instead of their actual gold and silver, they panicked.

18. Q-Quadriple Alliance • The War of the Quadruple Alliance was a minor European war fought between 1718and 1720mostly in Italy, between Spain on the one side, and the Quadruple Alliance of Austria, France, Great Britain, and the United ProvincesThe conflict occurred as a result of the ambitions of King Phillip V, of Spain, his wife, Isabella Farnese and his chief minister GiulioAlberriono in Italy, where the Spanish had traditional claims and Isabella several dynastic claims to advance; and for the crown of France, where Philip's infant nephew Louis Avgas King, and his cousin the Duce d'Orlaloanswas Regent. Opposition to Philip's ambitions led France, Britain, and The Seven United Netherlands, to join together in the Triple Alliance on January 4.1717and in November of that year Philip made war on Emperor Charles VI by invading the island SARDINIA, given to Austria by the Treaty of Utrecht ending the War of the Spanish succession here after, the Spanish advanced, invading Sicily, which had been awarded to the Duke of Savoy.

19. R-Relations with Spain • Sprain owned the east Florida and also claimed west Florida. The united states contended that west Florida was a part of the Louisiana purchase . In 1820 and 1812 , Americans simply added parts of west Florida to Louisiana and Mississippi. Spain objected but they didn’t take any action for it.

20. S-Stephen F. Austin • Stephen F. A us tin earned his name ‘’Father of Texas’’ because of his leadership in populating the Mexican territory of Texas. Austin organized the first land grant colony in Texas in 1821. Austin often played the role of spokesperson with the Mexican government, sometimes on behalf of colonists who were not part of this settlement. The state of Texas honored Stephen Austin by naming its capital city-Austin-after its founding father.

21. T-The tarrif Debate • With this amendment, the bill was finally passed by the Senate, the vote being 26 to 21. The Southern Senators (except two from Kentucky, and one each from Tennessee and Louisiana) voted against it. Those from the Middle and Western States all voted for it. Those from New England split; six voted yea, five nay. The result seems to have depended largely on Webster. His colleague Silsbee voted nay, and Webster himself had been in doubt a week before the final vote.43Finally he swallowed the bill; and he carried with him enough of the New England Senators to ensure its passage.

22. U-Underground Railroad • The Underground Railroad was not a real railroad. It was a network of houses and other buildings used to help slaves escape to freedom in the Northern states or Canada. The Underground Railroad operated for many years before and during the Civil War. The Underground Railroad was a network of escape routes that were described using railroad terms. 'Passengers' were runaway slaves fleeing from the South. Their guides were called 'conductors' and they led them from one 'station' to another. Escape routes stretched from the southern slave states into the North and on to Canada. Fugitives usually traveled secretly at night, and were hidden in 'safe houses', barns, and haylofts in the day. Thousands of antislavery campaigners, both black and white, risked their lives to operate the railway.

23. V-Violence in congress • The violence that erupted in Kansas spelled over to the halls of congress as well. Abolitionist senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a speech entitled ‘’The crime against proslavery forces in Kansas. Sumner lashed out against forces in Kansas. He also criticized proslavery senators, repeatedly attacking Andrew P. Butler of south Carolina. The brooks-Sumner incident and the frightening in ‘’Bleeding Kansas’’ revealed the riding level of hostility between north and south.

24. W-William H. Crawford • William H. Crawford was born and raised in Sebring, Florida. After graduating from Florida State University with a bachelor of science degree, Billy spent two years as construction manager for Crawford Construction, Inc. in Ft. Pierce. He then entered FSU’s College of Law where he was a member of the Law Review and Order of the Coif. Upon graduating in the top 10 percent of the class, Billy accepted an associate position with the Pennington, Wilkinson and Dunlap firm in Tallahassee. While with this firm, he practiced in the issues of commercial and real estate litigation and bankruptcy, representing such clients as Nations Bank of Florida, Transamerica Commercial Finance Corp.

25. X-AleXander Cartwright • Alexander Joy Cartwright Jr. (1820–92) was present during the organization of the Knickerbockers Base Ball Club of New York in the mid-1800s. That much is certain. Since that time, and especially with his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1938, Cartwright has been celebrated as the founder of our national pastime, much like Abler Doubleday. As with Doubleday, Cartwright’s claim to fame has caused all sorts of conjecture and controversy.

26. Y- Sarah G. BagleY • The first woman labor editor and labor leader in the United States, Sarah G. Bagley was also the first president of the Female Labor Reform Association of Lowell, Massachusetts. During the 1840s Bagley became an important figure in New England, earning respect from both male and female workers. Representing a new moral consciousness in the United States, she exposed the oppression of women within the capitalist economy and brought about a change in attitudes toward the role of working women in American society. Even in the twenty-first century, when she has been largely forgotten, her views on class and gender and her suggestions for reforms continue to be relevant.

27. Z-Zavala, Lorenzo • De Zavala played a pivotal role in Texas' battle for independence from Mexico. He was imprisoned in 1814 for his outspoken support of democratic reform in Mexico. After spending three years in prison, he was elected secretary of the provincial assembly of Yucatán. He represented Yucatán in Spain's national legislative body, called the Cortes from 1820 until 1821, when Mexico won independence from Spain.