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Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Applied Anatomy and Physiology. Otology Lecture Course. Embryology. 3 Weeks. Embryology. 12 Weeks. Embryology. Mesoderm surrounds Membranous labyrinth Creating the Perilymphatic Space Ossification in 14 centres. Embrology. 8 Holes are left Oval window Round window Cochlear aqueduct

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Applied Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Applied Anatomy and Physiology Otology Lecture Course

  2. Embryology 3 Weeks

  3. Embryology 12 Weeks

  4. Embryology • Mesoderm surrounds Membranous labyrinth • Creating the Perilymphatic Space • Ossification in 14 centres

  5. Embrology • 8 Holes are left • Oval window • Round window • Cochlear aqueduct • Vestibular aqueduct • IAM • Subarcuate artery • Fissula ante-fenestrum • Fossula post-fenestrum

  6. Cochlear Aqueduct • 1cm straight

  7. Cochlear Aqueduct • Relevance: Perilymph gusher

  8. Vestibular Aqueduct

  9. Vestibular Aqueduct • Relevance: Sudden SNHL in minor Head Trauma

  10. Vestibular Aqueduct

  11. Embryology 12 Weeks

  12. Embryology

  13. Foramen of Huschke

  14. Embryology • Ossicles 16 Weeks

  15. Embryology • 12 weeks Inner Ear and Pinna • 16 weeks Ossicles • 25 weeks External Canal

  16. The Tympanic Membrane

  17. Middle Ear

  18. Sinus Tympani

  19. Other Sites for Residual Cholesteatoma • Second Genu of VII • Anterior epitympanum • Sinodural angle • Mastoid tip

  20. Spaces in the Attic

  21. Facial Nerve

  22. Facial Nucleus

  23. Facial Nerve

  24. Facial Nerve

  25. Facial Nerve Anomalies

  26. Facial Nerve Anomalies

  27. Blood Supply

  28. Blood Supply to the Middle Ear • External and Internal Carotid systems

  29. Blood Supply to the Middle Ear

  30. Blood Supply to the Middle Ear

  31. Arterial Anomalies in the Middle Ear Persistent Stapedial Artery • Aberrant Vessels

  32. Embryology

  33. Arterial Anomalies in the Middle Ear Aberrant Carotid Artery

  34. The Eustachian Tube

  35. The Eustachian Tube • Bartolomeus Eustachius 1562

  36. Physiology of Middle Ear Gases

  37. Mastoid Pneumatisation • Wittmaack, Tos • Diamant, Sade

  38. Physiology of Hearing

  39. The TM Footplate Lever Ratio TM 90mm2 3.3mm2 55mm2 1:17

  40. The TM Footplate Lever Ratio 17 x 1.3 = 1:22

  41. Three Routes for Bone Transmission

  42. Cochlear Transmission

  43. Cochlear Transmission Endolymph +80mV -45mV

  44. Cochlear Transmission • 3,500 IHC in 2 rows with ‘V’ Cilia • 20,000 OHC in 3 rows with ‘W’ Cilia • 30,000 nerve fibres 95% linked to IHC • Outer Hair Cells are for Tuning

  45. Tuning Curves Blunting Leads to Recruitment

  46. The Decibel Scale • Threshold of Hearing • 20x10-6 Pascals • Threshold of Pain • 200 Pascals • dB=10 x Log10 I1/I2

  47. Sound Pressure Level & Hearing Level

  48. Endolymphatic Circulation Stria Vascularis & Dark Cells

  49. Endolymphatic Hydrops

  50. Balance

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