Social Activism

1. Social Activism Chapter 22 & 23

2. 1960’s Timeline • 1959 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba • 1960 Pres. Kennedy elected • 1961 Berlin Wall built in Germany • 1963 March on Washington • 1963 South Vietnamese government overthrown • 1963 JFK Assassinated • 1963 Equal Pay Act passed by Congress • 1964 Pres. Johnson elected • 1965 La Huelga – grape strike • 1966 Black Panther Party begins • 1966 Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India • 1967 6 Day War Israel v. many Arab nations • 1968 Kerner Commission releases report • 1968 N. Korea takes a U.S. Navy ship – crew released 1 year later • 1968 American Indian Movement organized • 1968 Pres. Nixon elected • 1973 U.S. forces negotiate a peace treaty in Vietnam • 1975 N. Vietnamese capture S. Vietnamese capital (Saigon)

3. Chapter 22 Section 1

4. WHAT IS… NON-VIOLENCE?

5. Non-Violence • Sit-ins: • Led to DEsegregation (combining) of lunch counters and restaurants • March through Birmingham • Increased public support for Civil Rights • Freedom Rides • Led to Interstate Commerce Commission strengthening desegregation regulations • Montgomery Bus Boycott • Desegregation of busses

6. Protests for Equality • Albany, Georgia • All protesters were arrested quietly and with nonviolence • Met nonviolence with nonviolence • This is NOT successful!! – Civil Rights needs strong reactions • Birmingham, Alabama • Police attacked protesters – Leads to support from public • Protesters arrested • All over television – Civil Rights got more support!!

7. Civil Rights Bill • Civil Rights needed FEDERAL LAWS – ENFORCED BY – FEDERAL GOV. In order to achieve this, organizers led THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON • Held in Washington D.C. • King spoke “I have a dream…” (click to hear speech) • Civil Rights Act of 1964 PASSED – Banned discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

8. Chapter 22 Section 2

9. Trying to Get Voting Rights • Mississippi- was the focus state because of prior voting registration problems • African Americans were forced to pass difficult literacy tests • In McComb, MS only 24 new African Americans became registered voters • Jailings, beatings, and murders scarred the voting process

10. Freedom Summer • 24th amendment: banned the payment of poll taxes (only for national elections) • New strategy: bring white volunteers to help African Americans register • Volunteers came from colleges in the North • Gave hope of a more united effort • Shockingly 3 of the volunteers end up murdered! • 1600 more voters became registered in MS

11. Freedom Summer

12. Turn to page 658

13. Selma and Voting Rights Act • Selma, Alabama: voters attempting to register were beaten then arrested • A protest march was organized from Selma to Montgomery- police were ordered to attack the marchers • Americans started to show support for the marchers • Lyndon Johnson pushed the Voting Rights Bill through quickly

14. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Put the whole registration process under federal control • Mississippi-African Americans registered 59% • Alabama- 57%

15. Chapter 22 Section 3

16. Role of Malcolm X • African Americans started to question the non-violence approach • Malcolm X was a Nation of Islam minister • Called for Black Freedom “by any means necessary” • Opposite method of MLK, but similar goals • He later changed his beliefs after a pilgrimage to Mecca • Was murdered in 1965

17. New Movements • Black Power- called for black separatism • Black Panther Party- started by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton • Panthers promoted self defense, carried firearms around, dressed in black • Many gun battles with the police.

18. Results of the New Movement • MLK continued marches in Chicago • Much more violence in American cities • Watts Riots- started with an arrest, ended with 33 deaths, injuries, and 4,000 arrested • Kerner Commission- created by President Johnson to investigate the violence • Findings- white racism, was responsible for the tensions that led to the riots

19. Watts Riots: August 1965

20. Martin Luther King Jr. • Assassinated April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN • by James Earl Ray • Shocked African American neighborhoods broke out in outrage and riots.

21. Chapter 22 Section 4

22. Organizations in Trouble • Following MLK’s death, the SCLC lacked a dominant leader • SCLC and the Black Panthers attempted to unite: again lack of leadership made this unsuccessful • Nation of Islam survived through the leadership of Elijah Muhammed

23. Busing and Affirmative Action • Buses were court ordered to pick up African American students and send them to white schools across town. • Many white Americans protested this ruling, most notably in Boston • Affirmative Action: the act of giving preference to minorities and women in admission and hiring

24. Successes!! • Thurgood Marshall became a Supreme Court Justice (1st African American) • 6.5 million African Americans voted for Jimmy Carter in 1976 • 16 members in the House of Representatives • More African Americans were business owners and college enrollments were up.

25. Chapter 23Sec. 1 Women’s Rights

26. Section 1 Notes Pg. 676 • The Feminine Mystique • Pointed out many women felt dissatisfied with their lives • Inspired many to seek career opportunities and fair treatment in the workplace With a Shoulder Parnter: Answer - Why were many American women dissatisfied?

27. The Government helped • Equal Pay Act • Illegal to pay female workers less than male • Presidents Commission on the Status of Women • Investigated lives of women • Title VII • Outlawed sexual discrimination in employment • Equal Employment Opportunity commission • Ensured employers followed Title VII

28. Women’s Movement Tactics Pg. 679 • Established Women’s rights groups • NOW • ?? • National Women’s Political Caucus • ?? What else??

29. How Successful was the Movment? List Gains / Successes

30. Success / Setbacks of Movement • Gains – Educational Amendments Act / Roe v. Wade / Increase in female politicians • Setbacks – ERA / Opposition from conservative activists

31. Chapter 23 Section 2 Notes

32. The Chicano Movement • Mexican American movement for equal rights • Movement started with migrant workers going on strike for higher wages • National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by Cesar Chavez joined the strike by Filipino grape harvesters What's a migrant worker?

33. La Huelga: The Delano Grape Strike • Strike started on Sept. 16, 1965 • March was done to promote Americans to NOT buy grapes because workers were treated UNFAIRLY • Chavez helped the effort to collect donations of money and food • Chavez led a 300 mile march to Sacramento, CA • Strike lasted until 1970, workers signed new contracts.

34. United Farm Workers • Workers union that merged with NFWA • Goal was gain more workers rights for Mexican Americans • Included non-Hispanic members too.

35. Brown Berets • Similar to the Black Panthers but for Latinos • Mexican American Activist group:1967 • They were upset about police brutality against them • Leader: Carlos Munoz

36. Crusade for Justice • Founded by Rodolfo Gonzales • Promoted Mexican American nationalism • Offered community services, newspaper, legal aid, and a school

37. Mexican American Youth Organization • MAYO: founded 1967 by Jose Angel Gutierrez • Occurred in Texas • Revolved around youth issues in schools resulting in protests and walkouts

38. La Raza Unida Party • A Chicano political party started by Jose Angel Gutierrez • Helped Mexican Americans gain city council positions in Texas cities • RUP later expanded to other states Is it necessary to get into politics to make a difference???

39. Chapter 23 Section 3 Notes

40. Red Power Pg. 689American Indian Movement (AIM) • Activists demanded • Called for self-determination • Repayment for illegally seized land • Renewal of Indian culture

41. Americans w/ Disabilities gained success w/ TV • Now – public facilities are available for people with disabilities…HOW? • 1960 – Tax dollars went to facilities that were unavailable to people with disabilities. • Rehabilitation Act passed – No discrimination in jobs, education or housing • Education for All Handicapped Children Act – schools must provide education to all children

42. Senior & Children Move Seniors • AARP – Goal to eliminated mandatory retirement • Congress passed Older Americans Act Children • Children’s Bill of Rights – rights designed specifically for children • Children’s Defense Fund – goal was to solve problems faced by large groups of US kids

43. College Students Move – Section 4 Pg. 694 • Cause to Protest • Generation Gap • Vietnam War • Desire to create new social order • Civil Rights violations • Policies limited freedom of speech