Chapter 10: The Byzantine empire & Russia

1. Chapter 10: The Byzantine empire & Russia

2. Section 1: The Byzantine Empire

3. The growth of the Byzantine empire • Emperor Constantine rebuilds Byzantium into Constantinople (Capital) • Vital Center of Empire, located on shores of Bosporus strait that linked Mediterranean and Black seas • Excellent harbor, commanded key trade routes linking Europe and Asia

4. The Growth of the byzantine empire • Byzantine Empire declined to small area around Constantinople, still in existence 1000 years after fall of Rome • Blended ancient Greek, Roman, Christian influences w/ Mediterranean traditions

5. The Age of Justinian • Ruled from 527 to 565 AD, determined to revive ancient Rome, his general reacquired Northern Africa, Italy, and Southern Spain • Hagia Sophia – church w/ arch dome, its interior – colored marble/embroidered silk curtains • Code of Law – Corpus JurisCivilis “Body of Civil Law”, laws passed by roman assemblies

6. The Age of justinian • Autocrat – sole ruler w/ complete authority, deemed Christ’s co-ruler, combined political power + spiritual authority • 600s – 700s – Arab gained much control of Mediterranean • Healthy Economy w/ peasants as backbone of the empire

7. Byzantine Christianity • Byzantine Empire controlled church affairs + appointed patriarch (highest church official) in Constantinople • Dispute over use of icons (holy images), outlawed in 700s • 1054 – other controversies led to the schism (permanent split) between Byzantine (Greek) church and Catholic Church

9. Crisis and Collapse • Byzantine Empire = in decline (constant wars, court intrigues, succession struggles) • Normans conquered southern Italy & Seljuk Turks advanced over Asia Minor • 1090s – First Crusade: Byzantine asks for help from Western powers

10. Crisis and collapse • 1204 – Attack on Constantinople (4th Crusade), crusaders burned/plundered city for 3 days • 1453 – The Fall of Constantinople • Ottoman forces surround Constantinople • Broke through after 2 months • HagiaSophia became a Islamic house of worship

11. The Byzantine heritage • Byzantine influenced Europe (Middle Ages) • Blended Christian religious beliefs w/ Greek aspects • Also extended Roman achievements in engineering/law

12. Section 2:the Rise of Russia

13. The Geography of russia • Eurasian plate, reaches from Europe to borders of China • 3 broad zones w/ different climates and resources • Northern Forest • Southern fertile land (Ukraine) • Southern steppe (open treeless, grassland)

14. Growth of Kiev • Slavs and Varangians (Vikings) made up most of Russia at the time (700-800s), Kiev = 1st center of Russian trade • 863 AD – 2 Greek monks adapted Greek alphabet to translate bible into Slavic languages (became Cyrillic alphabet) • Yaroslav the wise – 1019 – 1054: issued written law + translated Greek works to his language

15. Mongol conquest • 1236 – 1241, grandson of Genghiz, led mongol armies into Russia (Golden Horde) • Mongols = tolerant leaders, demanded payment of heavy tribute from Russians • 1200s – Russian women = totally subject to male authority in household, Mongols also tolerated Christian Orthodox church

16. Moscow Takes the lead • Princes of Moscow steadily increased power, became capital of Orthodox Church + political/spiritual center • 1462 – 1505: Ivan III (Ivan the Great): built framework for absolute rule, limited power of boyars (great landowning nobles) • Ivan & successors took title of czar (Caesar in Russian)

17. Section 3: Shaping Eastern Europe

18. The geography of Eastern europe • Reaches from Baltic Seas, across Poland, through Balkan Mtns • Most of region lies on great European plains (link up with steppes of Russia) • Main rivers flow either into Black or Baltic Seas

19. A diverse mix of peoples • West Slavs = Poland South Slavs = Balkans • Balkans had other ethnic groups (people share same language/culture) Asians, Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, Magyars, Vikings, Germans • Byzantine missionaries carried over Orthodox Christianity + other culture

20. A diverse mix of peoples • German knights brought Western Roman Catholicism to Poland/Czech/Hungary/Western Balkans • Refuge for Jewish settlers, attacked by Western European Christians (during crusades/Black Death) • 1300s – Polish Kings followed a policy of toleration towards Jews

21. Early Kingdoms Poland • Poland – Polish King 1st crowned 1000s, 1386 – Poland controlled largest state in Europe (Baltic to Black Sea) • Poland gradually increased power of nobles & met in a diet (assembly), “free veto” = hard for government to make decisions • Poland declined due to poor government, last glory in 1683

22. Early kingdoms Hungary • Magyar raiders settled in Hungary (adopted Roman Catholicism, much larger than today • Golden Bull of 1222 – forced to recognize King John of England’s nobles (limited royal power) Serbia • 600s – South Slavs settled in Balkans (formed Serbia), accepted Orthodox Christianity

23. Early kingdoms Serbia (continued) • 1100s – set up own state & reached height under Stefan Dusan (encouraged Byzantine culture) • Successors lacked political gifts, Serbia could not withstand Ottoman Turks • Serbs fought to death at battle of Kosovo (1389)

24. The end