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Fig. 15-CO, p. 406. Fig. 15-1, p. 408. Carbon dioxide. Oxygen. Relative concentration. 4.5. 3.5. 2.5. 1.5. 0.5. 0. Time (billions of years ago). Animals arise. Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere. Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start.
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Carbon dioxide Oxygen Relative concentration 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0 Time (billions of years ago) Animals arise Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start First microscopic life begins consuming carbon dioxide Greenhouse warming due to high carbon dioxide level compensates for the faint, young sun Fig. 15-1, p. 408
Water out Spicules Amoeboid cell Pore Mesoglea Central cavity Flattened surface cells c Flagellum Microvilli Nucleus Water in d Collar cell b Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410
Spicules Amoeboid cell Pore Mesoglea Flattened surface cells Flagellum Microvilli Nucleus Water out Central cavity Water in Collar cell Stepped Art Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410
Tentacles with stinging cells Epidermal tissue Mouth Digestive cavity Interior partition Symbiotic zooxanthellae Mesenteric filaments Layers of calcium carbonate forming a skeleton b Fig. 15-6b, p. 412
Clam Digestive tract Foot Snail Shell Squid Fig. 15-10, p. 416
Left gill Left mantle Shell Muscle Muscle Mouth Exhalant flow Inhalant flow Foot Palps String of mucus Sand and debris being rejected Inhalant Right mantle Fig. 15-13, p. 417
Vertebrates (with endoskeletons) Size Arthropods (with exoskeletons) Age Fig. 15-16, p. 418
Sieve plate Ring canal Radial canal Stone canal Ampulla Tube feet Transverse canal Fig. 15-19, p. 421
Oral opening Atrial opening Pharynx with slits Fig. 15-21a, p. 422
Lancelets (like Amphioxus) Jawless fishes Bony fishes Cartilaginous fishes Mammals Tunicates Amphibians Birds Reptiles Recent 135 375 500 Uro-chordates Cephalo- chordates Ancestral vertebrates Millions of years ago Ancestral chordates (probably filter feeders) Fig. 15-23, p. 423