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Historical Background; Cultural, Legal, Ethical Considerations

Historical Background; Cultural, Legal, Ethical Considerations. 19th Century Psychology. Wundt-Lab based-experimental psych Emphasized commonality among people Search for general description of reaction time, attention span, perceptiona Galton

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Historical Background; Cultural, Legal, Ethical Considerations

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  1. Historical Background; Cultural, Legal, Ethical Considerations

  2. 19th Century Psychology • Wundt-Lab based-experimental psych • Emphasized commonality among people • Search for general description of reaction time, attention span, perceptiona • Galton • Influence of Darwin and emphasis on individual differences and heredity • 1884 Anthropometric Lab measured grip strength, memory of form, color discrimination • Pioneer of correlation

  3. 19th Century Psychology (cont.) • Cattell • Student of Wundt, but interested in individual differences • Concept of “mental testing” • Instrumental in bringing the idea of psych testing to the U.S.

  4. Early 20th Century • 1904 Binet & Simon • Charge from French education authorities • 1916 Terman & Stanford-Binet • 1917-18 Army Alpha & Beta • Personal Data Sheet/Woodworth • 1921 Rorschach • 1939 Wechsler & Wechsler-Bellevue Scale

  5. Controversies • Use with Immigrants • Eugenics & the Feebleminded • Test bias & Bias in Testing in the Education System • E.g., Diana v. California, Larry P. v. Riles • Bias in Hiring • Griggs v. Duke Power

  6. Remedies • More representative norm samples • Legislation • E.g., IDEA, EEOC from Civil Rights Act of 1964

  7. Recent Controversies • Charges of ethnic & gender bias in SAT & similar tests • Standards & accountability emphasis in public schools • High-stakes testing • Computerized testing

  8. Protection of the Public/Ethical Considerations • Professional Associations Ethics • E.g., APA, NASP • APA Standards for Educational & Psychological Testing • Test-user Qualifications • Level A: Administered with aid of manual and general orientation (achievement & proficiency tests) • Level B: Some technical knowledge required (aptitude tests, adjustment inventories) • Level C: substantial training required (IQ & projectives)

  9. Rights of testtakers • Right to informed consent • Right to be informed of test findings • Right not to have privacy invaded • Right to have the least stigmatizing label • Right to have findings held confidential

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