Chapter 11 The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic

1. Chapter 11 • The Triumphs and Travails of the • Jeffersonian Republic

2. Revolution of 1800 • A. Jefferson defeated Adams but tied • with his own Vice President • (Aaron Burr) in the Electoral • College.

3. THOMAS JEFFERSON • Born in Virginia • Graduate of William and Mary College • A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses • Father of the DOI • Secretary of State under President Washington • Vice President under Adams • Owned 200 slaves

4. ELECTION OF 1800 • Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65. • Problem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans • Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

5. AARON BURR • Aaron Burr (1756-1836) • Born in Newark N.J. • Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war. • A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton • Vice President of the United States (1801-1805). • Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel • Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

6. REVOLUTION OF 1800 John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican • C. Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another • “revolutionary” achievement

7. Jeffersonian democracy JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy. • Champion for the common man • Believed education would prepare them for participation in government….. • For now, educated should rule… • Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency • Kept most Federalist programs. WHY? • Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA. • Pardoned those arrested with Sedition Act • Repealed the Whiskey tax • Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS • Eliminated Alien Act

8. II. The Judiciary A. The Judiciary Act of 1801, passed in the last months of Adams administration, was a reform and expansion of the federal judiciary. 1. Pres. Adams immediately filled all the new positions it created and the Senate confirmed his nominees. 2. Republicans, especially Jefferson, criticized these “midnight appointments.”

9. “midnight appointments,” covered all • appointments made after Dec. 10, 1800. • (when Adams learned of his electoral defeat) • 4. Jefferson ordered Sec. of State Madison to • hold all the appointment not yet delivered • pending appeal of the 1801 Act.

10. MARSHALL'S DECISIONS • Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 • Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission. • Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission. • Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review”and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.

11. JOHN MARSHALL • Born in Virginia, 1755 • Served as an officer with General Washington during the Revolution • Attended College of William and Mary and became a practicing attorney. • 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson. • Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states. • Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

12. JOHN MARSHALL • Evolves As A Federalist • US troops suffer at Valley Forge • Need a strong govt. to tax which AOC could not • Merchants refused to pay debts to British • Need strong to govt. to demand obedience AOC could not 3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy” • Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not

13. 5. One of these appointees, William Marbury, • had been named federal justice of the peace • for the District of Columbia. • 6. Marbury sued for delivery of his certificate • under the Judiciary Act of 1789. • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled Madison • acted wrongly. However, he • had no power to enforce. (violated constitution) • Most importantly Marbury v. • Madison established Judicial • Review – Power of S.C. to • rule on acts of government.

14. Jefferson Administration • Marbury vs. Madison • The Court’s assertion of judicial review was • not especially controversial. • • If Marshall had claimed judicial supremacy • for the Court, there would have been • objections, but he did not. • • Most of the popular objections to the • decision centered on the implied rebuke of • the President, not the finding on Sec. 13.

15. Jefferson Administration Marbury vs. Madison • By the time the decision was given (Feb. 1803), the 1801 Act had been repealed. • This meant that the original Court System was restored by the Judiciary Act of 1802. • Thus, as Jefferson said, he “did not remove the judges from the bench, but the bench from the judges.”

16. Notes2 • Jeffersonians attempted to take revenge • by trying to impeach S.C. Justice Samuel • Chase – failed. Federalist more careful after.

17. In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, then the ambassador to France, and John Adams, ambassador to Britain, met in London with Sidi Haji Abdul Rahman Adja, a visiting ambassador from Tripoli. The Americans asked Adja why his government was hostile to American ships, even though there had been no provocation. They reported to the Continental Congress that the ambassador had told them “it was written in their Koran, that all nations which had not acknowledged the Prophet were sinners, whom it was the right and duty of the faithful to plunder and enslave,” but he also told them that for what they considered outrageous sums of money they could make peace.

18. Cmd. Stephen Decatur fighting Pirates The U.S. Marine Corps actions in these wars led to the line "to the shores of Tripoli " in the opening of the Marine Hymn. Because of the hazards of boarding hostile ships, Marines' uniforms had a leather high collar to protect against cutlass slashes. This led to the nickname Leatherneck for U.S. Marines.[

19. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution? Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction to justify his decision “It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.” Madison to Jefferson “Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger area of land.” LP Constitutional ?

20. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution? • Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase • Why? Population shift take Federalist power away in Congress • Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian society” • Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of democracy” LP Constitutional ?

21. Spanish Land 1800 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land after Revolution New Orleans

22. French Land in 1801 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land New Orleans

23. IV. LOUISIANA PURCHASE • A. 1800, France acquired Spanish LA & New Orleans • Because of pressure from the westand national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France • Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans • If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

24. French Land in 1801 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land New Orleans

26. LOUISIANA PURCHASE Louisiana purchase • Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre • 4. Doubled the size of the US • Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment James Monroe & Robert Livingston

27. Expansion of the United States Map 6 of 45

28. Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803 Map 7 of 45

29. Would it have been a possibility for the new territory to secede from the nation? Why?

30. C. LEWIS AND CLARK • Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends Lewis and Clark to explore north Louisiana • Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific

32. 3. SACAJAWEA • Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark • Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition. • She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had never seen white men before. • Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

33. Map LP/3

34. V. BURR CONSPIRACY • A. Secretly formed a political pact with some radical New England Federalists. • 1. Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804. • Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation • 3. Alexander Hamilton exposed Burr embargo1

35. B. HAMILTON VS BURR 1. Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him • 2. Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many embargo1

36. C. BURR COMMITS TREASON • 1. In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule • 2.Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason • 3. A jury acquitted Burr, (lack of witnesses to treason) fled to Europe.

37. D. Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

38. 1. Jay’s Treaty expired in 1805 & was not renewed. Meanwhile, Britain & France were still at war.

39. 2. Britain became upset at the US for not renewing the treaty & the British Navy began kidnapping US sailors. (impressment) 3. Britain also issued Orders-in-Council which forbade neutral trade with France and its allies.

40. FRANCE VS. GREAT BRITAIN Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports.  Orders-in-councilBritish laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. 

41. impressment IMPRESSMENT ImpressmentAn act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy • 1806: England closed ports under French control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans. • Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.

42. impressment IMPRESSMENT ImpressmentAn act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy • 1806: England closed ports under French control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans. • Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.

43. Chesapeake affair C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R • 1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop. • British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered • 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

44. Chesapeake article C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported, “We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.” Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British.

45. E. The Embargo Act of 1807 1. This act outlawed almost all US trade w/ foreign countries

46. Embargo Act of 1807 2. The act was intended to harm France & Britain but hurt the US more. 3. People turned to smuggling in order to get needed goods.

47. EMBARGO ACT • Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo Act of 1807…. • Short of war, Jefferson attempted to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world. embargo1

48. EMBARGO ACT embargo1

49. Embargo Act of 1807 4. Jefferson was forced to use the US Navy to enforce the Embargo Act on US citizens. 5. The Embargo ruined Jefferson’s political reputation but he still remained personally popular.

50. EMBARGO ACT • Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION. • It would have the reverse effect…… • The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to smuggle goods from these countries as well as others. • Hurt American businesses • New Englander’s shift from trade to industry • U.S. smuggled • New England talked of secession….. • Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809 embargo2